Editing Psychotherapy (section)

== Types ==
{{See also|List of psychotherapies}}

There are hundreds of psychotherapy approaches or schools of thought. By 1980 there were more than 250;<ref>{{cite book |editor-last= Herink |editor-first= Richie |title= The Psychotherapy Handbook. The A-Z Handbook to More Than 250 Psychotherapies as Used Today |year= 1980 |publisher= New American Library |isbn= 9780452005259 |url= https://archive.org/details/psychotherapyhan00heri }}{{Page needed|date=January 2014}}</ref> by 1996 more than 450;<ref>{{cite book |last= Maclennan |first= Nigel |title= Counselling For Managers |year= 1996 |publisher= Gower |isbn= 978-0566080920 }}{{Page needed|date=January 2014}}</ref> and at the start of the 21st century there were over a thousand different named psychotherapies—some being minor variations while others are based on very different conceptions of psychology, ethics (how to live) or technique.<ref name=lebow>[https://books.google.com/books?id=YT50xokDC1UC Twenty-First Century Psychotherapies: Contemporary Approaches to Theory and Practice] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711225308/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YT50xokDC1UC |date=11 July 2015 }} [[Jay Lebow|Jay L. Lebow]], John Wiley & Sons, 2012. Introduction. Citing Garfield 2006</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= Which psychotherapy? Leading Exponents Explain Their Differences |first= Colin |last= Feltham |year= 1997 |publisher= SAGE Publications |isbn= 978-0803974791}}</ref> In practice therapy is often not of one pure type but draws from a number of perspectives and schools—known as an [[Integrative psychotherapy|integrative]] or [[Eclectic psychotherapy|eclectic]] approach.<ref>{{cite book |first1= Hans |last1= Strupp |author1-link= Hans Herrman Strupp |first2= Jeffrey |last2= Binder |title= Psychotherapy in a New Key |location= New York |publisher= Basic Books |year= 1984 |isbn= 9780465067473 |url= https://archive.org/details/psychotherapyinn00stru }}{{Page needed|date=January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1= Anthony |last1= Roth |first2= Peter |last2= Fonagy |author2-link= Peter Fonagy |title= What Works for Whom? A Critical Review of Psychotherapy Research |publisher= Guilford Press |year= 2005 |orig-year= 1996 |edition= revised |isbn= 9781572306509}}{{Page needed|date=January 2014}}</ref> The importance of the [[therapeutic relationship]], also known as therapeutic alliance, between client and therapist is often regarded as crucial to psychotherapy. [[Common factors theory]] addresses this and other core aspects thought to be responsible for effective psychotherapy.
Sigmund Freud (1856–1939), a Viennese neurologist who studied with [[Jean-Martin Charcot]] in 1885, is often considered the father of modern psychotherapy. His methods included analyzing his patient's dreams in search of important hidden insights into their unconscious minds. Other major elements of his methods, which changed throughout the years, included identification of childhood sexuality, the role of anxiety as a manifestation of inner conflict, the differentiation of parts of the psyche (id, ego, superego), transference and countertransference (the patient's projections onto the therapist, and the therapist's emotional responses to that). Some of his concepts were too broad to be amenable to empirical testing and invalidation, and he was critiqued for this by Jaspers. Numerous major figures elaborated and refined Freud's therapeutic techniques including Melanie Klein, Donald Winnicott, and others. Since the 1960s, however, the use of Freudian-based analysis for the treatment of [[mental disorder]]s has declined substantially. Different types of psychotherapy have been created along with the advent of clinical trials to test them scientifically. These incorporate subjective treatments (after Beck), behavioral treatments (after Skinner and Wolpe) and additional time-constrained and centered structures, for example, interpersonal psychotherapy. In youth issue and in schizophrenia, the systems of family treatment hold esteem. A portion of the thoughts emerging from therapy are presently pervasive and some are a piece of the tool set of ordinary clinical practice. They are not just medications, they additionally help to understand complex conduct.

Therapy may address specific forms of diagnosable [[mental illness]], or everyday problems in managing or maintaining [[interpersonal relationships]] or meeting personal goals. A course of therapy may happen before, during or after [[pharmacotherapy]] (e.g. taking [[psychiatric medication]]).

Psychotherapies are categorized in several different ways. A distinction can be made between those based on a [[medical model]] and those based on a [[Humanistic psychology|humanistic model]]. In the medical model, the client is seen as unwell and the therapist employs their skill to help the client back to health. The extensive use of the [[DSM-IV]], the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders in the United States is an example of a medically exclusive model. The humanistic or non-medical model in contrast strives to depathologise the human condition. The therapist attempts to create a relational environment conducive to experiential learning and help build the client's confidence in their own natural process resulting in a deeper understanding of themselves. The therapist may see themselves as a facilitator/helper.

Another distinction is between individual one-to-one therapy sessions, and [[group psychotherapy]], including [[couples therapy]] and [[family therapy]].<ref>Crago, H. (2006). [http://www.mcgraw-hill.co.uk/html/0335216889.html ''Couple, Family and Group Work: First Steps in Interpersonal Intervention.''] Maidenhead, Berkshire; New York: Open University Press.</ref>

Therapies are sometimes classified according to their duration; a small number of sessions over a few weeks or months may be classified as [[brief therapy]] (or short-term therapy), others, where regular sessions take place for years, may be classified as long-term.

Some practitioners distinguish between more "uncovering" (or "[[Depth psychology|depth]]") approaches and more "supportive" psychotherapy. Uncovering psychotherapy emphasizes facilitating the client's insight into the roots of their difficulties. The best-known example is classical psychoanalysis. [[Supportive psychotherapy]] by contrast stresses strengthening the client's coping mechanisms and often providing encouragement and advice, as well as reality-testing and limit-setting where necessary. Depending on the client's issues and situation, a more supportive or more uncovering approach may be optimal.<ref>{{Cite journal |pmc = 3330607|year = 2000|last1 = Misch|first1 = D. A.|title = Basic Strategies of Dynamic Supportive Therapy|journal = The Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research|volume = 9|issue = 4|pages = 173–189|pmid = 11069130}}</ref>

=== Humanistic ===
{{Main|Humanistic psychology}}

These psychotherapies, also known as "[[Experiential knowledge|experiential]]", are based on [[humanistic psychology]] and emerged in reaction to both behaviorism and psychoanalysis, being dubbed the "third force". They are primarily concerned with the human development and needs of the individual, with an emphasis on [[subjectivity|subjective]] meaning, a rejection of [[determinism]], and a concern for positive growth rather than [[pathology]].<ref>Maslow, A.H. (2011) "Toward A Psychology of Being" – Reprint of 1962 Edition, Martino Fine Books.</ref> Some posit an inherent human capacity to maximize potential, "the [[Self-actualization|self-actualizing]] tendency"; the task of therapy is to create a relational environment where this tendency might flourish.<ref>Stefaroi, P. (2012) "The Humanistic Approach in Psychology & Psychotherapy, Sociology & Social Work, Pedagogy & Education, Management and Art: Personal Development and Community Development", Charleston SC, US: CreateSpace, {{ISBN|978-1535271646}}.</ref> Humanistic psychology can, in turn, be rooted in [[existentialism]]—the belief that human beings can only find meaning by creating it. This is the goal of [[existential therapy]]. Existential therapy is in turn philosophically associated with [[Phenomenology (philosophy)|phenomenology]].<ref>Deurzen, E., Kenward, R. (2005) "Dictionary of Existential Psychotherapy and Counseling", SAGE Publications.</ref><ref>Gessmann, H.W. (1996) "Humanistische Psychologie und Humanistisches Psychodrama. In: Humanistisches Psychodrama Band 4, (Hrsg.), Verlag des PIB, Duisburg</ref>

[[Person-centered therapy]], also known as client-centered, focuses on the therapist showing openness, empathy and "unconditional positive regard", to help clients express and develop their own [[self]].<ref>Rogers, C. R. (1951) "Client-Centered Therapy: Its Current Practice, Implications, and Theory", Boston: Houghton Mifflin.</ref>

Humanistic [[Psychodrama]] (HPD) is based on the human image of humanistic psychology.<ref>H.-W. Gessmann: Humanistische Psychologie und Humanistisches Psychodrama. In: Humanistisches Psychodrama. Band IV, Verlag des Psychotherapeutischen Instituts Bergerhausen, Duisburg 1996, S. 27–76.</ref> So all rules and methods follow the axioms of humanistic psychology. The HPD sees itself as development-oriented psychotherapy and has completely moved away from the psychoanalytic catharsis theory.<ref>H.-W. Gessmann: Erste Überlegungen zur Überwindung des Katharsisbegriffs im Humanistischen Psychodrama. In: Internationale Zeitschrift für Humanistisches Psychodrama. 5. Jahrgang, Heft 2, Dez 1999, Verlag des Psychotherapeutischen Instituts Bergerhausen, Duisburg, S. 5–26, ISSN 0949-3018</ref>
Self-awareness and self-realization are essential aspects in the therapeutic process. Subjective experiences, feelings and thoughts and one's own experiences are the starting point for a change or reorientation in experience and behavior in the direction of more self-acceptance and satisfaction. Dealing with the biography of the individual is closely related to the sociometry of the group.<ref>H.-W. Gessmann: Die Humanistische Psychologie und das Humanistische Psychodrama. In: Humanistisches Psychodrama. Band IV, Verlag des Psychotherapeutischen Instituts Bergerhausen, Duisburg 1996, {{ISBN|3-928524-31-3}}.</ref>

[[Gestalt therapy]], originally called "concentration therapy", is an existential/experiential form that facilitates awareness in the various contexts of life, by moving from talking about relatively remote situations to action and direct current experience. Derived from various influences, including an overhaul of psychoanalysis, it stands on top of essentially four load-bearing theoretical walls: [[phenomenology (psychology)|phenomenological method]], dialogical relationship, field-theoretical strategies, and experimental freedom.<ref>Wheeler, G. (1991) "Gestalt reconsidered", New York: Gardner Press.</ref>

A briefer form of humanistic therapy is the [[human givens]] approach, introduced in 1998{{ndash}}99.<ref>{{cite book |last2=Tyrrell |first2=Ivan |last1=Griffin |first1=Joe |title=Psychotherapy, Counselling and the Human Givens (Organising Idea)|date=1998|publisher=European Therapy Studies Institute |isbn=978-1899398959}}</ref> It is a solution-focused intervention based on identifying emotional needs—such as for security, autonomy and social connection—and using various educational and psychological methods to help people meet those needs more fully or appropriately.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Maslow|first1=A. H.|title=A theory of human motivation|journal=Psychological Review|volume=50|issue=4|pages=370–396|doi=10.1037/h0054346|url=http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Maslow/motivation.htm|year=1943|hdl=10983/23610|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914183817/http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Maslow/motivation.htm|archive-date=14 September 2017|citeseerx=10.1.1.334.7586|s2cid=53326433 }}</ref><ref name="refDeciRyan1978">{{cite book |last1=Deci |first1=Edward L. |last2=Ryan |first2=Richard M. |title=Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior |year=1985 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4899-2271-7 |isbn=9781489922731}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Griffin|first1=Joe|last2=Tyrrell|first2=Ivan|title=Human givens: The new approach to emotional health and clear thinking|date=2013|publisher=HG Publishing|location=Chalvington, East Sussex|isbn=978-1899398317|pages=97–153|edition=New|url=http://www.humangivens.com/publications/human-givens-book.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008073609/http://www.humangivens.com/publications/human-givens-book.html|archive-date=8 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| title = Human givens therapy: The evidence base |year= 2008 |journal= Mental Health Review Journal |pages= 44–52 |volume= 13 |issue= 4 |last1= Corp |first1= Nadia |last2= Tsaroucha |first2= Anna |last3= Kingston |first3= Paul |doi= 10.1108/13619322200800027}}</ref>

=== Insight-oriented ===
{{Main|Insight-oriented psychotherapy}}

[[Insight-oriented psychotherapy|Insight-oriented psychotherapies]] focus on revealing or interpreting [[unconsciousness|unconscious]] processes. Most commonly referring to [[psychodynamic therapy]], of which [[psychoanalysis]] is the oldest and most intensive form, these applications of [[depth psychology]] encourage the verbalization of all the patient's thoughts, including [[Free association (psychology)|free associations]], fantasies, and dreams, from which the analyst formulates the nature of the past and present unconscious conflicts which are causing the patient's symptoms and character problems.

There are six main schools of psychoanalysis, which all influenced psychodynamic theory:<ref>[http://psychcentral.com/lib/psychodynamic-therapy/ Psychodynamic Therapy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722084213/http://psychcentral.com/lib/psychodynamic-therapy/ |date=22 July 2015 }} J. Haggerty, PsychCentral, 2013</ref> Freudian, [[ego psychology]], [[object relations theory]], [[self psychology]], [[interpersonal psychoanalysis]],<ref>Sullivan, H. S. (1953) ''The Interpersonal Theory of Psychiatry''. New York: Norton</ref> and [[relational psychoanalysis]].<ref>Mitchell, S. (1988) ''Relational Concepts in Psychoanalysis''. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.</ref> Techniques for analytic [[group therapy]] have also developed.

=== Cognitive-behavioral ===
{{Main|Cognitive behavioral therapy}}

[[Behavior therapy|Behavior therapies]] use [[Behaviorism|behavioral]] techniques, including [[applied behavior analysis]] (also known as [[behavior modification]]), to change maladaptive patterns of behavior to improve emotional responses, cognitions, and interactions with others. [[Functional analytic psychotherapy]] is one form of this approach. By nature, behavioral therapies are empirical (data-driven), contextual (focused on the environment and context), functional (interested in the effect or consequence a behavior ultimately has), probabilistic (viewing behavior as statistically predictable), [[monistic]] (rejecting mind-body dualism and treating the person as a unit), and relational (analyzing bidirectional interactions).<ref>{{cite book |last1= Sundberg |first1= Norman D. |last2= Winebarger |first2= Allen A. |last3= Taplin |first3= Julian R.| title = Clinical Psychology: Evolving Theory, Practice, and Research | publisher = Prentice Hall | location = Englewood Cliffs, NJ | year = 2001 |edition= 4th | isbn = 9780130871190}}{{Page needed|date=January 2014}}</ref>

[[Cognitive therapy]] focuses directly on changing the thoughts, in order to improve the emotions and behaviors.

[[Cognitive behavioral therapy]] attempts to combine the above two approaches, focused on the construction and reconstruction of people's [[cognition]]s, [[emotions]] and [[behavior]]s. Generally in CBT, the therapist, through a wide array of modalities, helps clients assess, recognize and deal with problematic and dysfunctional ways of thinking, emoting and behaving.

The concept of "third wave" psychotherapies reflects an influence of [[Eastern philosophy in clinical psychology]], incorporating principles such as [[meditation]] into interventions such as [[mindfulness-based cognitive therapy]], [[acceptance and commitment therapy]], and [[dialectical behavior therapy]] for [[borderline personality disorder]].<ref name=lebow/>

[[Interpersonal psychotherapy]] (IPT) is a relatively brief form of psychotherapy (deriving from both CBT and [[Psychodynamic psychotherapy|psychodynamic]] approaches) that has been increasingly studied and endorsed by guidelines for some conditions. It focuses on the links between [[mood (psychology)|mood]] and social circumstances, helping to build social skills and social support.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Markowitz JC, Weissman MM | title = Interpersonal psychotherapy: past, present and future | journal = Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy | volume = 19 | issue = 2 | pages = 99–105 | date = Mar 2012 | pmid = 22331561 | pmc = 3427027 | doi = 10.1002/cpp.1774 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> It aims to foster adaptation to current interpersonal roles and situations.

[[Exposure and response prevention]] (ERP) is primarily deployed by therapists in the treatment of [[Obsessive–compulsive disorder|OCD]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=International OCD Foundation {{!}} Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP) |url=https://iocdf.org/about-ocd/treatment/erp/ |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=International OCD Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> The [[American Psychiatric Association]] (APA) state that CBT drawing primarily on behavioral techniques (such as ERP) has the "strongest evidence base" among psychosocial interventions.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Simpson|first1=H. Blair|last2=Koran|first2=Lorrin M.|date=March 2013|title=Guideline Watch: Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder|url=https://psychiatryonline.org/pb/assets/raw/sitewide/practice_guidelines/guidelines/ocd-watch.pdf|website=Psychiatry Online|publisher=American Psychiatric Association}}</ref> By confronting feared scenarios (i.e., exposure) and refraining from performing rituals (i.e., responsive prevention), patients may gradually feel less distress in confronting feared stimuli, while also feeling less inclination to use rituals to relieve that distress. Typically, ERP is delivered in "hierarchical fashion", meaning patients confront increasingly anxiety-provoking stimuli as they progress through a course of treatment.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How I Treat OCD – By Bradley C. Riemann, Ph.D.|url=https://beyondocd.org/expert-perspectives/articles/how-i-treat-ocd|access-date=27 August 2020|website=Beyond OCD}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=August 2020|title=Treating Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder|url=https://psychiatryonline.org/pb/assets/raw/sitewide/practice_guidelines/guidelines/ocd-guide.pdf|website=Psychiatry Online|publisher=American Psychiatric Association (APA)}}</ref>

Other types include [[reality therapy]]/[[Glasser's choice theory|choice theory]], [[multimodal therapy]], and therapies for specific disorders including [[Post-traumatic stress disorder|PTSD]] therapies such as [[cognitive processing therapy]], [[Substance use disorder|substance abuse]] therapies such as [[relapse prevention]] and [[contingency management]]; and [[co-occurring disorders]] therapies such as Seeking Safety.<ref>{{cite book |last=Najavits |first=Lisa M. |chapter=Seeking Safety: an implementation guide |editor1-last=Springer |editor1-first=David W. |editor2-last=Rubin |editor2-first=Allen |date=2009 |title=Substance abuse treatment for youth and adults |series=Clinician's guide to evidence-based practice series |location=Hoboken, NJ |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jZE8kmQvPrEC&pg=PA311 311–347] |isbn=9780470244531 |oclc=303076493}}</ref>

=== Systemic ===
{{Main|Systemic therapy}}
[[File:Gruppovaya-psihoterapiya.jpg|thumb|right|Group therapy, Ukraine]]
[[Systemic therapy]] seeks to address people not just individually, as is often the focus of other forms of therapy, but in relationship, dealing with the interactions of groups, their patterns and dynamics (includes [[family therapy]] and [[marriage counseling]]). [[Community psychology]] is a type of systemic psychology.

The term [[group therapy]] was first used around 1920 by [[Jacob L. Moreno]], whose main contribution was the development of [[psychodrama]], in which groups were used as both cast and audience for the exploration of individual problems by reenactment under the direction of the leader. The more analytic and exploratory use of groups in both hospital and out-patient settings was pioneered by a few European psychoanalysts who emigrated to the US, such as [[Paul Schilder]], who treated severely neurotic and mildly psychotic out-patients in small groups at Bellevue Hospital, New York. The power of groups was most influentially demonstrated in Britain during the Second World War, when several psychoanalysts and psychiatrists proved the value of group methods for officer selection in the War Office Selection Boards. A chance to run an Army psychiatric unit on group lines was then given to several of these pioneers, notably [[Wilfred Bion]] and Rickman, followed by [[S. H. Foulkes]], Main, and Bridger. The [[Northfield Hospital]] in Birmingham gave its name to what came to be called the two "Northfield Experiments", which provided the impetus for the development since the war of both social therapy, that is, the [[therapeutic community]] movement, and the use of small groups for the treatment of neurotic and personality disorders. Today group therapy is used in clinical settings and in private practice settings.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Gessmann |first= Hans-Werner |author-link= Hans-Werner Gessmann |year= 2011 |title= Empirischer Beitrag zur Prüfung der Wirksamkeit psychodramatischer Gruppenpsychotherapie bei NeurosepatientInnen (ICD-10: F3, F4) |trans-title= The effects of psychodramatic group psychotherapy with neurosis patients — An empirical contribution (ICD-10: F3, F4) |journal= Zeitschrift für Psychodrama und Soziometrie |volume= 10 |issue= 1 suppl |pages= 69–87 |doi= 10.1007/s11620-011-0128-3 |s2cid= 141232001 |language= de}}</ref>

=== Expressive ===
{{Main|Expressive therapy}}

Expressive psychotherapy is a form of therapy that utilizes artistic expression (via improvisational, compositional, re-creative, and receptive experiences) as its core means of treating clients. Expressive psychotherapists use the different disciplines of the creative arts as therapeutic interventions. This includes the modalities [[dance therapy]], [[drama therapy]], [[art therapy]], [[music therapy]], [[writing therapy]], among others.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Malchiodi |first=Cathy A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_k2AgAAQBAJ&pg=PR1 |title=Expressive Therapies |date=27 November 2013 |publisher=Guilford Publications |isbn=978-1-4625-1490-8 }}</ref> This may include techniques such as [[affect labeling]]. Expressive psychotherapists believe that often the most effective way of treating a client is through the expression of imagination in creative work and integrating and processing what issues are raised in the act.

=== Postmodernist ===
Also known as [[post-structuralist]] or [[Constructivism (psychological school)|constructivist]]. [[Narrative therapy]] gives attention to each person's "dominant story" through therapeutic conversations, which also may involve exploring unhelpful ideas and how they came to prominence. Possible social and cultural influences may be explored if the client deems it helpful. [[Coherence therapy]] posits multiple levels of mental constructs that create symptoms as a way to strive for self-protection or self-realization. [[Feminist therapy]] does not accept that there is one single or correct way of looking at reality and therefore is considered a postmodernist approach.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=_rsAdzE9KfkC Introduction to Feminist Therapy: Strategies for Social and Individual Change] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723045949/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_rsAdzE9KfkC |date=23 July 2015 }} 2010. Introduction pg180</ref>

=== Other ===
[[Transpersonal psychology]] addresses the client in the context of a spiritual understanding of consciousness.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-11-03 |title=Transpersonal Psychology: Principles and Applications |url=https://psychcentral.com/health/transpersonal-psychology-spiritual-therapy |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=Psych Central |language=en}}</ref> [[Positive psychotherapy]] (PPT) (since 1968) is a method in the field of humanistic and psychodynamic psychotherapy and is based on a positive image of humans, with a health-promoting, resource-oriented and conflict-centered approach.

[[Hypnotherapy]] is undertaken while a subject is in a state of [[hypnosis]]. Hypnotherapy is often applied in order to modify a subject's behavior, emotional content, and attitudes, as well as a wide range of conditions including: dysfunctional habits,<ref name="Karkut">{{cite journal |last1= Johnson |first1= David L. |last2=Karkut |first2= Richard T. | title = Performance by gender in a stop-smoking program combining hypnosis and aversion | journal = [[Psychological Reports]] | volume = 75 | issue = 2 | pages = 851–7 | date = October 1994 | pmid = 7862796 | doi = 10.2466/pr0.1994.75.2.851 |s2cid= 39850409 }}</ref><ref name="Barber">{{cite journal | last = Barber | first = Joseph | title = Freedom from smoking: integrating hypnotic methods and rapid smoking to facilitate smoking cessation | journal = The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis | volume = 49 | issue = 3 | pages = 257–66 | date = July 2001 | pmid = 11430159 | doi = 10.1080/00207140108410075 | s2cid = 29607578 | url = 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doi = 10.1080/00207140008410367 |s2cid= 1116717 }}</ref><ref name="Pekala">{{cite journal |last1= Pekala |first1= Ronald J. |last2= Maurer |first2= Ronald |last3= Kumar |first3= V.K. |last4= Elliott |first4= Nancy C. |last5= Masten |first5= Ellsworth |last6= Moon |first6= Edward |last7= Salinger |first7= Margaret | title = Self-hypnosis relapse prevention training with chronic drug/alcohol users: effects on self-esteem, affect, and relapse | journal = The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis | volume = 46 | issue = 4 | pages = 281–97 | date = April 2004 | pmid = 15190730 | doi = 10.1080/00029157.2004.10403613 |s2cid= 38903485 | display-authors = 4 }}</ref>{{Excessive citations inline|date=March 2025}} anxiety,<ref name="O'Neill">{{cite journal |title= Treating anxiety with self-hypnosis and relaxation |last1= O'Neill |first1= Lucy M. |last2= Barnier |first2= Amanda J. |last3= McConkey |first3= Kevin |year= 1999 |journal= Contemporary Hypnosis |volume= 16 |issue= 2 |pages= 68–80 |doi= 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disability settings |last1= Ellner |first1= Michael |last2= Aurbach |first2= Robert |year= 2009 |journal= IAIABC Journal |volume= 46 |issue= 2 |pages= 57–75 |access-date= 29 April 2013 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120713210443/http://pain-topics.org/pdf/Hypnosis-in-Disability-Pain.pdf |archive-date= 13 July 2012 |df= dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Whitehouse">{{cite journal |last1= Whitehouse |first1= Wayne G. |last2= Dinges |first2= David F. |last3= Orne |first3= Emily C. |last4= Keller |first4= Steven E. |last5= Bates |first5= Brad L. |last6= Bauer |first6= Nancy K. |last7= Morahan |first7= Page |last8= Haupt |first8= Barbara A. |last9= Carlin |first9= Michele M. |last10= Bloom |first10= Peter B. |last11= Zuagg |first11= Line |last12= Orne |first12= Martin T. |title= Psychosocial and immune effects of self-hypnosis training for stress management throughout the first semester of medical school |journal= Psychosomatic Medicine |volume= 58 |issue= 3 |pages= 249–63 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8771625 |url= http://bscw.rediris.es/pub/bscw.cgi/d4464881/Whitehouse-Psychosocial_immune_effects_self_hypnosis_stress.pdf |display-authors= 4 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150402155054/http://bscw.rediris.es/pub/bscw.cgi/d4464881/Whitehouse-Psychosocial_immune_effects_self_hypnosis_stress.pdf |archive-date= 2 April 2015 |df= dmy-all |doi= 10.1097/00006842-199605000-00009 |s2cid= 43116854 }}</ref> pain management,<ref name="Ngai">{{Cite web |url= http://dujs.dartmouth.edu/1999F/Hypnotism.pdf |title= Hypnosis in Pain Management |last= Ngai |first= Hoi N. |year= 2000 |access-date= 29 April 2013 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131020222016/http://dujs.dartmouth.edu/1999F/Hypnotism.pdf |archive-date= 20 October 2013 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=January 2014}}<ref name="Hammond">{{cite journal | last = Hammond | first = D. Corydon | title = Review of the efficacy of clinical hypnosis with headaches and migraines | journal = The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis | volume = 55 | issue = 2 | pages = 207–19 | date = April 2007 | pmid = 17365074 | doi = 10.1080/00207140601177921 | s2cid = 19705476 | url = http://bscw.rediris.es/pub/bscw.cgi/d4531149/Hammond-Review_efficacy_clinical_hypnosis_headaches_migraines.pdf | url-status = live | archive-url = http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20130502042315/http://bscw.rediris.es/pub/bscw.cgi/d4531149/Hammond-Review_efficacy_clinical_hypnosis_headaches_migraines.pdf | archive-date = 2 May 2013 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> and personal development.<ref name="Cannon">{{cite web |url= http://www.hypnotherapyarticles.com/ArtG/articleg00050.htm |title= How to learn better study habits through hypnosis |last= Cannon |first= Georgina |year= 2008 |work= Hypnotherapy Articles: Promoting Knowledge |access-date= 29 April 2013 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130126100646/http://www.hypnotherapyarticles.com/ArtG/articleg00050.htm |archive-date= 26 January 2013 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=January 2014}}<ref name="Callen">{{cite journal |last= Callen |first= Kenneth E. | title = Auto-hypnosis in long distance runners | journal = The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis | volume = 26 | issue = 1 | pages = 30–6 | date = July 1983 | pmid = 6678109 | doi = 10.1080/00029157.1983.10404135 }}</ref>

[[Psychedelic therapy]] are therapeutic practices involving [[psychedelic drug]]s, such as [[LSD]], [[Psilocybe mushrooms|psilocybin]], [[Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]], and [[MDMA]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Pollan|first=Michael|date=15 May 2018|title=My Adventures With the Trip Doctors|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/05/15/magazine/health-issue-my-adventures-with-hallucinogenic-drugs-medicine.html|access-date=11 September 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In psychedelic therapy, in contrast to conventional [[psychiatric medication]] taken by the patient regularly or as needed, patients generally remain in an extended psychotherapy session during the acute psychedelic activity with additional sessions both before and after in order to help integrate experiences with the psychedelics.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Byock|first=Ira|date=1 April 2018|title=Taking Psychedelics Seriously|journal=Journal of Palliative Medicine|volume=21|issue=4|pages=417–421|doi=10.1089/jpm.2017.0684|issn=1096-6218|pmc=5867510|pmid=29356590}}</ref><ref name="Carhart-Harris">{{Cite news|last=Carhart-Harris|first=Robin|author-link=Robin Carhart-Harris|date=8 June 2020|title=We can no longer ignore the potential of psychedelic drugs to treat depression|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/jun/08/psychedelic-drugs-treat-depression|access-date=11 September 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Psychedelic therapy has been compared with the [[shamanic]] healing rituals of indigenous people. Researchers identified two main differences: the first is the shamanic belief that multiple realities exist and can be explored through altered states of consciousness, and second the belief that spirits encountered in dreams and visions are real.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Metzner|first=R|date=1998|title=Hallucinogenic drugs and plants in psychotherapy and shamanism |journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs|volume=30|issue=4|pages=333–41|doi=10.1080/02791072.1998.10399709|pmid=9924839}}</ref><ref name="Carhart-Harris"/> The charitable initiative [[Founders Pledge]] has written a research report on cost-effective giving opportunities for funding psychedelic-assisted mental health treatments.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Samuel|first=Sigal|date=9 October 2020|title=The case for funding psychedelics to treat mental health|url=https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2020/10/9/21506664/psychedelics-mental-health-depression-ptsd-psilocybin-mdma|access-date=2 April 2021|website=Vox}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Hoeijmakers|first1=Sjir|last2=Goth|first2=Aidan|date=25 September 2020|title=Psychedelic-Assisted Mental Health Treatments Executive Summary|url=https://founderspledge.com/stories/psychedelic-assisted-mental-health-treatments-executive-summary|access-date=2 April 2021|website=Founders Pledge}}</ref>

[[Body psychotherapy]], part of the field of [[somatic psychology]], focuses on the link between the mind and the body and tries to access deeper levels of the psyche through greater awareness of the [[physical body]] and [[emotions]]. There are various ''body-oriented'' approaches, such as Reichian ([[Wilhelm Reich]]) character-analytic [[vegetotherapy]] and orgonomy; neo-Reichian [[bioenergetic analysis]]; [[somatic experiencing]]; [[integrative body psychotherapy]]; Ron Kurtz's [[Hakomi]] psychotherapy; sensorimotor psychotherapy; Biosynthesis psychotherapy; and Biodynamic psychotherapy. These approaches are not to be confused with [[Bodywork (alternative medicine)|body work]] or body-therapies that seek to improve primarily physical health through direct work (touch and manipulation) on the body, rather than through directly psychological methods.

Some non-Western [[indigenous peoples|indigenous]] therapies have been developed. In African countries this includes harmony restoration therapy, meseron therapy and systemic therapies based on the [[Ubuntu (philosophy)|Ubuntu philosophy]].<ref>[http://www.psychevisual.com/Video_by_Carol_Ofovwe_on_Non_Western_Therapies_a_review_of_Meseron_Therapy_what_rsquo_s_the_way_forward.html Non Western Therapies: a review of Meseron Therapy, what is the way forward?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910074442/http://www.psychevisual.com/Video_by_Carol_Ofovwe_on_Non_Western_Therapies_a_review_of_Meseron_Therapy_what_rsquo_s_the_way_forward.html |date=10 September 2015 }} Carol Ofovwe, 7th World Congress on Psychotherapy, 25–29 August 2014</ref><ref>[http://www.mcser.org/journal/index.php/mjss/article/view/4768 Reframing and Redefining Family Therapy: Ubuntu Perspective] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722031324/http://www.mcser.org/journal/index.php/mjss/article/view/4768 |date=22 July 2015 }} Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, Vol 5, No 23 (2014) S.H. Somni, N.S. Sandlana</ref><ref>[http://www.ajol.info/index.php/ifep/article/view/91254 Development of The Harmony Restoration Measurement Scale (Cosmogram) Part 1] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721210732/http://www.ajol.info/index.php/ifep/article/view/91254 |date=21 July 2015 }} Vol 21, No 3 (2013) EP Onyekwere, EC Lekwas, EJ Eze, NF Chukwunenyem, IC Uchenna</ref>

[[Integrative psychotherapy]] is an attempt to combine ideas and strategies from more than one theoretical approach.<ref>{{cite book |title= Handbook of Psychotherapy Integration |last1= Norcross |first1= John C. |author-link1=John C. Norcross |last2= Goldfried |first2= Marvin R. |year= 2005 |edition= 2nd |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn= 9780195165791}}{{Page needed|date=January 2014}}</ref> These approaches include mixing core beliefs and combining proven techniques. Forms of integrative psychotherapy include [[multimodal therapy]], the [[transtheoretical model]], cyclical psychodynamics, systematic treatment selection, [[cognitive analytic therapy]], [[Internal Family Systems Model|internal family systems model]], [[multitheoretical psychotherapy]] and conceptual interaction. In practice, most experienced psychotherapists develop their own integrative approach over time.

=== Child ===
{{main|Child psychotherapy}}

Psychotherapy needs to be adapted to meet the developmental needs of children. Depending on age, it is generally held to be one part of an effective strategy to help the needs of a child within the family setting.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Skumin |first=V. A. |title=Borderline mental disorders in chronic diseases of the digestive system in children and adolescents |script-title=ru: Pogranichnye psikhicheskie rasstroĭstva pri khronicheskikh bolezniakh pishchevaritel'noĭ sistemy u deteĭ i podrostkov |trans-title=Borderline mental disorders in chronic diseases of the digestive system in children and adolescents |year=1991 |location=[[Moscow]] |journal=[[:ru:Журнал неврологии и психиатрии имени С. С. Корсакова|Zhurnal nevropatologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova]] |url=https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/4a53c04b-3d0d-3630-978f-b31041a10f36/ |language=ru |oclc=117464823 |access-date=18 January 2015 |issue=8 |pages=81–814 |volume=91 |pmid=1661526 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054309/https://www.mendeley.com/research/borderline-mental-disorders-chronic-diseases-digestive-system-children-adolescents/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Child psychotherapy training programs necessarily include courses in [[Developmental psychology|human development]]. Since children often do not have the ability to articulate thoughts and feelings, psychotherapists will use a variety of media such as musical instruments, sand and toys, crayons, paint, clay, puppets, bibliocounseling (books), or board games. The use of [[play therapy]] is often rooted in [[psychodynamics|psychodynamic theory]], but other approaches also exist.

In addition to therapy for the child, sometimes instead of it, children may benefit if their parents work with a therapist, take parenting classes, attend [[grief counseling]], or take other action to resolve stressful situations that affect the child. [[Parent management training]] is a highly effective form of psychotherapy that teaches parenting skills to reduce their child's behavior problems.

In many cases a different psychotherapist will work with the care taker of the child, while a colleague works with the child.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Schechter |first1= Daniel S. |author-link1= Daniel Schechter |last2= Willheim |first2= Erica | title = When parenting becomes unthinkable: intervening with traumatized parents and their toddlers | journal = [[Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry]] | volume = 48 | issue = 3 | pages = 249–53 | date = March 2009 | pmid = 19242290 | doi = 10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181948ff1}}</ref> Therefore, contemporary thinking on working with the younger age group has leaned towards working with parent and child simultaneously, as well as individually as needed.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Lieberman |first1= Alicia F. |last2= Van Horn |first2= Patricia |last3= Ippen |first3= Chondra G. | title = Toward evidence-based treatment: child-parent psychotherapy with preschoolers exposed to marital violence | journal = [[Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry]] | volume = 44 | issue = 12 | pages = 1241–8 | date = December 2005 | pmid = 16292115 | doi = 10.1097/01.chi.0000181047.59702.58 | url = http://empower-daphne.psy.unipd.it/userfiles/file/pdf/Liberman%20A_F_%202005.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140109182043/http://empower-daphne.psy.unipd.it/userfiles/file/pdf/Liberman%20A_F_%202005.pdf | df = dmy-all | url-status = dead | archive-date = 9 January 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Donner |first1= Michael B. |last2= VandeCreek |first2= Leon |last3= Gonsiorek |first3= John C. |last4= Fisher |first4= Celia B. |title= Balancing confidentiality: Protecting privacy and protecting the public |url= http://faculty.winthrop.edu/armisteadl/SchoolPsychologyResources/attachments/Donner_et_al_Balancin.pdf |journal= [[Professional Psychology: Research and Practice]] |department= Focus on Ethics |year= 2008 |volume= 39 |issue= 3 |pages= 369–76 |doi= 10.1037/0735-7028.39.3.369 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140109182529/http://faculty.winthrop.edu/armisteadl/SchoolPsychologyResources/attachments/Donner_et_al_Balancin.pdf |archive-date= 9 January 2014 |df= dmy-all |access-date= 9 January 2014 }}</ref>