Editing Protected area (section)

==Convention on Biological Diversity==
In 1992, a protected area was defined in paragraph 2 of the [[Convention on Biological Diversity]] (CBD) as "a geographically defined area which is designated or regulated and managed to achieve specific conservation objectives." Under Article 8 of the CBD, parties who entered the treaty agreed to, among other things, "establish a system of protected areas." 
In 2004, the CBD's [[Convention on Biological Diversity#Conference of the Parties (COP)|Conference of the Parties]] (COP) adopted the Program of Work on Protected Areas (PoWPA) to further develop and promote protected areas. PoWPA's objective was the "establishment and maintenance by 2010 for terrestrial and by 2012 for marine areas of comprehensive, effectively managed, and ecologically representative national and regional systems of protected areas that collectively, inter alia through a global network contribute to achieving the three objectives of the Convention and the 2010 target to significantly reduce the current rate of [[biodiversity loss]]."<ref>Protected Areas (Articles 8 (a) to (e)), Doc UNEP/CBD/COP/DEC/VII/28 (20 February 2004) at para 18.</ref>
In 2010, protected areas were included in Target 11 of the CBD's [[Convention on Biological Diversity#Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020|Strategic Plan for Biodiversity]], known as the Aichi Biodiversity Targets. Target 11 states:
:"By 2020, at least 17 per cent of terrestrial and inland water areas, especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services, are conserved through effectively and equitably managed, ecologically representative and well-connected systems of protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures, and integrated into the wider landscapes."<ref>Strategic Plan: Future Evaluation of Progress, Doc UNEP/CBD/COP/DEC/VII/30 Annex (13 April 2004), Aichi Biodiversity Target 11. Among the twenty-one subsidiary targets, the first two were: "1.1 At least 10% of each of the world's ecological regions effectively conserved" and "1.2 Areas of particular importance to biodiversity protected." See also Stephen Woodley et al, "Meeting Aichi Target 11: What Does Success Look Like for Protected Area Systems?" (2012) 18(1) Parks 23.</ref>

In 2018, to complement protected areas across landscapes and seascapes, the term '[[other effective area-based conservation measures]]' was defined as "a geographically defined area other than a Protected Area, which is governed and managed in ways that achieve positive and sustained long-term outcomes for the in situ conservation of biodiversity, with associated ecosystem functions and services and where applicable, cultural, spiritual, socio-economic, and other locally relevant values."<ref>CBD (2018). Protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures (Decision 14/8). https://www.cbd.int/ doc/decisions/cop-14/cop-14-dec-08-en.pdf</ref> Other effective area-based conservation measures complement protected areas across landscapes, seascapes, and river basins.<ref>Jonas H.D., MacKinnon K., Dudley N., Hockings M., Jessen S., Laffoley D., MacKinnon D., Matallana-Tobon C., Sandwith T., Waithaka J., and S. Woodley, 2018. "Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures: From Aichi Target 11 to the Post-2020 Biodiversity Framework." ''PARKS''</ref> Protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures are referenced together in Target 3 of the draft Global Biodiversity Framework, which is due to be agreed at the 15th Conference of the Parties to the UN Convention on Biological Diversity, which will be held 5 to 17 December in [[Montreal]], Canada.<ref>IISD (14 March 2022).[https://sdg.iisd.org/events/un-biodiversity-conference-cbd-cop-15-part-2/  UN Biodiversity Conference (CBD COP 15) (Part 2)]. [[International Institute for Sustainable Development]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211019073406/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/14/climate/un-biodiversity-conference-climate-change.html?utm_source=pocket-newtab-global-en-GB/ Archived] from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022.</ref>