Editing Project management (section)

===Iterative and incremental project management===
{{See also|Iterative and incremental development}}In critical studies of project management, it has been noted that phased approaches are not well suited for projects which are large-scale and multi-company,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.projecttimes.com/articles/managing-complex-projects-that-are-too-large-too-long-and-too-costly.html|title=Managing Complex Projects that are Too Large, Too Long and Too Costly|last=Hass|first=Kathleen B. (Kitty)|date=March 2, 2010|work=PM Times|access-date=2017-06-27|language=en-gb}}</ref> with undefined, ambiguous, or fast-changing requirements,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Conforto|first1=E. C.|last2=Salum|first2=F.|last3=Amaral|first3=D. C.|last4=da Silva|first4=S. L.|last5=Magnanini de Almeida|first5=L. F|date=June 2014|title=Can agile project management be adopted by industries other than software development?|journal=Project Management Journal|volume=45|issue=3|pages=21–34|doi=10.1002/pmj.21410|s2cid=110595660}}</ref> or those with high degrees of risk, dependency, and fast-changing technologies. The [[Cone of Uncertainty|cone of uncertainty]] explains some of this as the planning made on the initial phase of the project suffers from a high degree of uncertainty. This becomes especially true as software development is often the realization of a new or novel product.

These complexities are better handled with a more exploratory or iterative and incremental approach.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://hbr.org/2007/11/a-leaders-framework-for-decision-making|title=A Leader's Framework for Decision Making|last1=Snowden|first1=David J.|date=November 2007|work=Harvard Business Review|access-date=2017-06-27|last2=Boone|first2=Mary E.|author-link=Dave Snowden}}</ref> Several models of iterative and incremental project management have evolved, including [[Agile Project Management|agile project management]], [[dynamic systems development method]], [[extreme project management]], and Innovation Engineering®.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://innovationengineering.org/news/stanford-researchers-rate-innovation-engineering-as-breakout-innovation-system/|title=Stanford Research Study Finds Innovation Engineering is a true "Breakout Innovation" System|date=June 20, 2017|work=IE News|access-date=2017-08-11|language=en-GB}}</ref>