Editing Posthumanism (section)

==Relationship with transhumanism==
Sociologist [[James Hughes (sociologist)|James Hughes]] comments that there is considerable confusion between the two terms.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|last1=Ranisch|first1=Robert|title=Post- and Transhumanism: An Introduction|date=January 2014|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269405350|access-date=25 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=MacFarlane|first1=James|title=Boundary Work: Post- and Transhumanism, Part I, James Michael MacFarlane|url=https://social-epistemology.com/2014/12/23/boundary-work-post-and-transhumanism-part-i-james-michael-macfarlane/|access-date=25 August 2016|date=2014-12-23}}</ref>  In the introduction to their book on post- and transhumanism, Robert Ranisch and [[Stefan Lorenz Sorgner|Stefan Sorgner]] address the source of this confusion, stating that posthumanism is often used as an umbrella term that includes both transhumanism and critical posthumanism.<ref name=":0" />

Although both subjects relate to the future of humanity, they differ in their view of anthropocentrism.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Umbrello|first=Steven|date=2018-10-17|title=Posthumanism|url=https://pubs.biblio.laurentian.ca/index.php/contexte/article/view/279|journal=Con Texte|language=en|volume=2|issue=1|pages=28–32|doi=10.28984/ct.v2i1.279|issn=2561-4770|doi-access=free}}</ref> Pramod Nayar, author of ''Posthumanism'', states that posthumanism has two main branches: ontological and critical.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Posthumanism|last=K.|first=Nayar, Pramod|isbn=9780745662404|location=Cambridge|oclc=863676564|date = 2013-10-28}}</ref> Ontological posthumanism is synonymous with transhumanism. The subject is regarded as "an intensification of humanism".<ref>{{Cite book|title=What is posthumanism?|last=Cary.|first=Wolfe|date=2010|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|isbn=9780816666157|location=Minneapolis|oclc=351313274}}</ref> Transhumanist thought suggests that humans are not post human yet, but that human enhancement, often through technological advancement and application, is the passage of becoming post human.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hb1ErdEer8YC&q=wolfe+post+human|title=What is Posthumanism?|last=Wolfe|first=Cary|date=2010|publisher=U of Minnesota Press|isbn=9780816666140}}</ref> [[Transhumanism]] retains humanism's focus on the Homo sapiens as the center of the world but also considers technology to be an integral aid to human progression. Critical posthumanism, however, is opposed to these views.<ref>{{Cite book|date=2016-01-01|title=From Humanism to Meta-, Post- and Transhumanism?|url=https://www.peterlang.com/view/title/18161|access-date=2020-10-08|website=www.peterlang.com|language=en|doi=10.3726/978-3-653-05483-5|isbn=9783653967883|editor1-last=Deretić|editor1-first=Irina|editor2-last=Sorgner|editor2-first=Stefan Lorenz}}</ref> Critical posthumanism "rejects both human exceptionalism (the idea that humans are unique creatures) and human instrumentalism (that humans have a right to control the natural world)".<ref name=":1" /> These contrasting views on the importance of human beings are the main distinctions between the two subjects.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Umbrello|first1=Steven|last2=Lombard|first2=Jessica|date=2018-12-14|title=Silence of the Idols: Appropriating the Myth of Sisyphus for Posthumanist Discourses|url=https://www.lumenpublishing.com/journals/index.php/po/article/view/1118|journal=Postmodern Openings|language=en|volume=9|issue=4|pages=98–121|doi=10.18662/po/47|issn=2069-9387|doi-access=free|hdl=2318/1686606|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

Transhumanism is also more ingrained in popular culture than critical posthumanism, especially in science fiction. The term is referred to by Pramod Nayar as "the pop posthumanism of cinema and pop culture".<ref name=":1" />