Editing Portugal (section)

=== Independence ===
{{Main|Portugal in the Middle Ages}}
[[File:Museu Arqueológico do Carmo - Lisbon (52750994466).jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|Oldest representation of Afonso I, {{Circa|13th century}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fernandes |first=Carla Varela |via=NOVA Research Portal|title=Com a Espada e a Cruz: A imagem de D. Afonso Henriques na Escultura Medieval Portuguesa|publisher=CITCEM – Centro de Investigação Transdisciplinar «Cultura, Espaço e Memória»|isbn=978-989-8351-75-3|editor-last=Barroca|editor-first=Mário Jorge|publication-place=Porto|publication-date=August 2017|series=No tempo de D. Afonso Henriques. Reflexões sobre o primeiro século português.|pages=77–90|url=https://ler.letras.up.pt/uploads/ficheiros/17405.pdf|language = pt-PT|trans-title=With the sword and the cross the image of Afonso Henriques in the Portuguese medieval sculpting|access-date=7 April 2025}}</ref>]]
At the [[Battle of São Mamede]], in the outskirts of [[Guimarães]], in 1128, [[Afonso I of Portugal|Afonso Henriques]], Count of Portugal, defeated his mother [[Teresa, Countess of Portugal|Countess Teresa]] and her lover [[Fernão Peres de Trava]], establishing himself as sole leader of the [[County of Portugal|county]]. Afonso continued his father Henry of Burgundy's Reconquista wars. His campaigns were successful and in 1139, he obtained a victory in the [[Battle of Ourique]], so was proclaimed [[King of Portugal]] by his soldiers. This is traditionally taken as the occasion when the County of Portugal became the independent [[Kingdom of Portugal]] and, in 1129, the capital city was transferred from Guimarães to Coimbra. Afonso was recognized as the first king of Portugal in 1143 by King [[Alfonso VII of León]], and in 1179 by [[Pope Alexander III]] as Afonso I of Portugal, with the [[Papal bull|papal bull]] ''[[Manifestis Probatum]]''.

Afonso Henriques and his successors, aided by military [[Christian monasticism|monastic orders]], continued pushing southwards against the Moors. In 1217, during the reign of King [[Afonso II of Portugal|Afonso II]], Portuguese troops, supported by [[Crusades|crusaders]] and others, retook [[Siege of Alcácer do Sal|Alcácer do Sal]], with further land conquests from the Moors during the reign of [[Sancho II of Portugal|Sancho II]], mainly the start of the [[Portuguese conquest of the Algarve|conquest of the Algarve]] in 1238. After internal tensions, Sancho II was deposed from the throne and his brother, [[Afonso III of Portugal|Afonso III]], became king in 1248.<ref>{{cite web |title=O turbulento reinado de D. Sancho II |publisher=RTP Ensina |access-date=8 April 2025 |url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/o-turbulento-reinado-de-d-sancho-ii/ |date=2003 }}</ref> A year later, in 1249, the Reconquista ended with the capture of the [[Algarve]], in the aftermath of the [[Siege of Faro (1249)|Siege of Faro]], and the last Moorish settlements were expelled. With minor readjustments, Portugal's territorial borders have remained the same, making it one of the oldest established nations in Europe.
[[File:Treaty of alliance between king Edward III of England and Ferdinand I of Portugal, 16th June 1373.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Copy of the [[Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1373]].]]
After a conflict with the [[kingdom of Castile]], [[Denis of Portugal]] signed the [[Treaty of Alcañices]] in 1297 with Ferdinand IV of Castile. This treaty established the border between the kingdoms of Portugal and Leon. During the reign of Denis, the first university in Portugal opened in Lisbon, on March 1st 1290, being then transferred to Coimbra in 1308.<ref>{{cite web |title=5 das Universidades mais antigas no mundo, uma é em Portugal |publisher=Nat Geo Portugal |access-date=5 April 2025 |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.pt/historia/5-das-universidades-mais-antigas-no-mundo-uma-e-em-portugal_1629 |date=9 January 2022 }}</ref> Denis died in 1325 and was succeeded by his son, [[Afonso IV of Portugal|Afonso IV]], who had a strained relationship with his father that nearly [[Battle of Alvalade|ended in war]]. In 1355, in the aftermath of the assassination of [[Inês de Castro]], [[Peter I of Portugal|Peter's I]] lover, a civil war broke between the King, Afonso IV, and his son, and heir, Peter, with peace only being achieved in 1357.<ref>{{cite journal |title=D. Afonso IV, testemunha da peste negra |journal=A Guerra Civil de 1355 |publisher=RTP Ensina |access-date=13 April 2025 |url=https://novaresearch.unl.pt/en/publications/a-guerra-civil-de-1355 |date=1998 |volume=1 |pages=393–407 |editor1=De, Estudos Medievais SP }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A Guerra Civil de 1355 - Lisboa |publisher=[[NOVA University Lisbon]] |access-date=13 April 2025 |url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/d-afonso-iv-testemunha-da-peste-negra/ |date=1 January 2008 }}</ref> The reigns of Denis, Afonso IV, and Peter I mostly saw peace with the other kingdoms of Iberia. 

In 1348-49 Portugal, as with the rest of Europe, was devastated by the [[Black Death]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2007/09/13/2031252.htm|title=Black death|first=Karl S.|last=Kruszelnicki|date=13 September 2007|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|access-date=2 April 2019|archive-date=6 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406162144/http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2007/09/13/2031252.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1373, Portugal, during the reign of [[Ferdinand I of Portugal|Ferdinand I]], made an [[Anglo-Portuguese Alliance|alliance with England]], the oldest standing alliance in the world. This alliance was signed during the [[Fernandine Wars]], a series of conflicts between Portugal and Castile over the right to the throne of Castile. This alliance would be reinforced with the signing of the [[Treaty of Windsor (1386)|Treaty of Windsor]] in 1386.