Editing Pope Pius XII (section)

==Papacy==
===Election and coronation===
{{Main|1939 papal conclave}}
{{Infobox popestyles
|image = C o a Pius XII.svg
|dipstyle = [[His Holiness]]
|offstyle = Your Holiness
|relstyle = Holy Father
|deathstyle = [[Venerable]]
}}
[[File:Correio da Manhã AN 432.jpg|left|thumb|Pope Pius XII appears on the central loggia after his election on 2 March 1939.]]
[[File:Piusxii.jpg|right|thumb|The signature of Pius XII never changed.<ref>Tardini, Pio XII roma 1960</ref>]]

Pope Pius XI died on 10 February 1939. Several historians have interpreted the conclave to choose his successor as facing a choice between a diplomatic or a spiritual candidate, and they view Pacelli's diplomatic experience, especially with Germany, as one of the deciding factors in his election on 2 March 1939, his 63rd birthday, after only one day of deliberation and three ballots.<ref>Michael F. Feldkamp. ''Pius XII und Deutschland''; {{ISBN|3-525-34026-5}}.</ref><ref>Dalin, 2005, pp. 69–70</ref> He was the first cardinal Secretary of State to be elected pope since [[Pope Clement IX|Clement IX]] in 1667.<ref>Catholic Forum. [http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/pope0260.htm Pope Pius XII profile] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060424052820/http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/pope0260.htm |date=24 April 2006 }}.</ref> He was one of only two men known to have served as [[Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church|Camerlengo]] immediately prior to being elected as pope (the other being [[Pope Leo XIII]]). According to rumours, he asked for another ballot to be taken to ensure the validity of his election. After his election was indeed confirmed, he chose the name Pius XII in honour of his immediate predecessor.

His [[Papal coronation|coronation]] took place on 12 March 1939. Upon being elected pope he was also formally the Grand Master of the Equestrian [[Order of the Holy Sepulchre]] of [[Jerusalem]], [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith|prefect of the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office]], [[Congregation for the Oriental Churches|prefect of the Sacred Congregation for the Oriental Churches]] and [[Congregation for Bishops|prefect of the Sacred Consistorial Congregation]]. There was however a Cardinal-Secretary to run these bodies on a day-to-day basis.

Pacelli took the same papal name as his predecessor, a title used exclusively by [[:Category:Italian popes|Italian popes]]. He was quoted as saying "I call myself Pius; my whole life was under Popes with this name, but especially as a sign of gratitude towards [[Pius XI]]."<ref>Pacelli’s assertion was factually incorrect. Pacelli, born in 1876, was elected Pope at the age of 63. For 33 of those 63 years, the Pope was not named Pius. Leo XIII was Pope from 1878 to 1903, including the day in 1899 when Pacelli was ordained a priest. Benedict XV was Pope from 1914 to 1922, including the day in 1917 when Pacelli was consecrated a bishop.
Pius XII, quoted in Joseph Brosch, Pius XII, Lehrer der Wahrheit, Kreuzring, Trier,1968, p. 45</ref> On 15 December 1937, during his last consistory, Pius XI strongly hinted to the cardinals that he expected Pacelli to be his successor, saying "He is in your midst."<ref>"Medius vestrum stetit quem vos nescetis. Everybody knew what the Pope meant". Domenico Cardinale Tardini, Pio XII, Tipografia Poliglotta Vaticana, 1960, p. 105</ref><ref>Lehnert, Pascalina. ''Ich durfte Ihm Dienen, Erinnerungen an Papst Pius XII''. Naumann, Würzburg, 1986, p. 57</ref> He had previously been quoted as saying: "When today the Pope dies, you'll get another one tomorrow, because the Church continues. It would be a much bigger tragedy, if Cardinal Pacelli dies, because there is only one. I pray every day, God may send another one into one of our seminaries, but as of today, there is only one in this world."<ref>Lehnert, Pascalina. ''Ich durfte Ihm Dienen, Erinnerungen an Papst Pius XII''. Naumann, Würzburg, 1986, p. 49</ref>

===Appointments===
After his election, he made [[Luigi Maglione]] his successor as Cardinal Secretary of State. Cardinal Maglione, a seasoned Vatican diplomat, had reestablished diplomatic relations with Switzerland and was for twelve years [[Apostolic Nunciature to France|nuncio in Paris]]. Yet, Maglione did not exercise the influence of his predecessor Pacelli, who as Pope continued his close relation with Giovanni Battista Montini (later [[Pope Paul VI]]) and [[Domenico Tardini]]. After the death of Maglione in 1944, Pius left the position open and named Tardini head of its foreign section and Montini head of the internal section.<ref>Congregation of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs and Congregation of Ordinary Affairs</ref> Tardini and Montini continued serving there until 1953, when Pius XII decided to appoint them cardinals,<ref>Pio XII, ''La Allocuzione nel consistorio Segreto del 12 Gennaio 1953'' in Pio XII, Discorsi e Radiomessagi di Sua Santita Vatican City, 1953, p. 455</ref> an honor which both turned down.<ref>Domenico Cardinale Tardini, Pio XII, Tipografia Poliglotta Vaticana, 1960, p. 157</ref> They were then later appointed to be Pro-Secretary with the privilege to wear Episcopal Insignia.<ref>Giulio Nicolini, Il Cardinale Domenico Tardini, Padova, 1980; {{ISBN|88-7026-340-1}}; p. 313</ref> Tardini continued to be a close co-worker of the Pope until the death of Pius XII, while Montini became [[archbishop of Milan]], after the death of [[Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster]].

Pius XII slowly eroded the Italian monopoly on the [[Roman Curia]]; he employed German and Dutch [[Jesuit]] advisors, Robert Leiber, [[Augustin Bea]], and [[Sebastian Tromp]]. He also supported the elevation of Americans such as Cardinal [[Francis Spellman]] from a minor to a major role in the church.<ref>In the Secretariat of State he had actively supported "foreigners", for example [[Francis Spellman]], the American monsignor, whom he consecrated himself as the first American Bishop in the Vatican curia. Spellman had organized and accompanied Pacelli's American journey and arranged a meeting with President Roosevelt. Only 30 days after his coronation, on 12 April 1939, Pope Pius XII named Spellman as [[archbishop of New York]].</ref><ref>Gannon, Robert I. ''The Cardinal Spellman Story'', Doubleday Company, New York, 1962</ref> After World War II, Pius XII appointed more non-Italians than any Pope before him. American appointees included [[Joseph P. Hurley]] as regent of the [[Apostolic Nunciature to Yugoslavia|nunciature in Belgrade]], [[Gerald P. O'Hara]] as [[Apostolic Nunciature to Romania|nuncio to Romania]], and [[Aloisius Joseph Muench]] as nuncio to Germany. For the first time, numerous young Europeans, Asians and "Americans were trained in various congregations and secretariats within the Vatican for eventual service throughout the world".<ref>Oscar Halecki, James Murray, Jr. ''Pius XII, Eugenio Pacelli, Pope of Peace''; p. 370</ref>

===Consistories===
{{further|Cardinals created by Pius XII}}
[[File:Pope Pius XII in Throne.jpg|thumb|One of the first official color portraits of Pius XII, {{circa|1939–40}}]]

Only twice in his pontificate did Pius XII hold a [[papal consistory|consistory]] to create new [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinals]], in contrast to Pius XI, who had done so 17 times in as many years. Pius XII chose not to name new cardinals during World War II, and the number of cardinals shrank to 38, with [[Dennis Joseph Dougherty]] of [[Philadelphia]] being the only living U.S. cardinal.

The first occasion on 18 February 1946 yielded the elevation of a record 32 new cardinals, almost half of the College of Cardinals and reaching the canonical limit of 70 cardinals.{{Efn|[[Pope John Paul II|John Paul II]] surpassed this number on 21 February 2001, elevating 44 cardinals. By that time, the limit had been suspended and over 120 cardinals existed.}} In the 1946 consistory, Pius XII, while maintaining the maximum size of the College of Cardinals at 70, named cardinals from China, India, the [[Middle East]] and increased the number of Cardinals from the Americas, proportionally lessening the Italian influence.<ref>Oscar Halecki, James Murray, Jr. ''Pius XII, Eugenio Pacelli, Pope of Peace'', p. 371</ref>

In his second consistory on 12 January 1953, it was expected that his closest co-workers, Msgrs. [[Domenico Tardini]] and Giovanni Montini would be elevated<ref>Levillain, 2002, p. 1136</ref> and Pius XII informed the assembled cardinals that both of them were originally on the top of his list,<ref>Pio XII, La Allocuzione nel concistorio Segreto del 12 Gennaio 1953 in Pio XII, Discorsi e Radiomessaggi di Sua Santità, Vatican City, 1953, p. 455</ref> but they had turned down the offer, and were rewarded instead with other promotions.<ref>Tardini later thanked him for not appointing him. The Pope replied with a smile. "Monsignore mio, you thank me, for not letting me do what I wanted to do". I replied "Yes Holy Father, I thank you for everything you have done for me, but even more, what you have not done for me". The Pope smiled. In Domenico Cardinale Tardini, Pio XII, Tipografia Poliglotta Vaticana, 1960 157</ref> Both Montini and Tardini would become Cardinals shortly after Pius' death; Montini later became [[Pope Paul VI]]. The two consistories of 1946 and 1953 brought an end to over five hundred years of Italians constituting a majority of the [[College of Cardinals]].<ref>Tobin, Greg. (2003). ''Selecting the Pope: Uncovering the Mysteries of Papal Elections''. Barnes & Noble Publishing; {{ISBN|0-7607-4032-1}}. pp. xv–xvi, 143.</ref>

With few exceptions, Italian prelates accepted the changes positively; there was no protest movement or open opposition to the internationalization efforts.<ref>For example, Padellaro: "Church history will memorize with special letters the secret conclave of 1946, and the cosmopolitan Pius XII, who called men of all races into the Senate of the Church", Nazareno Padellaro, Pio XII Torino, 1956, p. 484</ref>