Editing Pope Paul IV (section)

==Death==
Paul IV's health began to break down in May 1559. He rallied in July, holding public audiences and attending meetings of the Inquisition. But he engaged in fasting, and the heat of the summer wore him down again. He was bedridden, and on 17 August it became clear he would not live. Cardinals and other officials gathered at his bedside on 18 August, where Paul IV asked them to elect a "righteous and holy" successor and to retain the Inquisition as "the very basis" of the Catholic Church's power. By 2 or 3 pm, he was close to death, and died at 5 pm.<ref name="Levant718">{{cite book|last=Setton|first=Kenneth M.|title=The Papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571. Volume IV: The Sixteenth Century|location=Philadelphia|publisher=American Philosophical Society|date=1984|page=718|isbn=978-0871691149|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SrUNi2m_qZAC}}</ref>

The people of Rome did not forget what they had suffered because of the war he had brought on the State. Crowds of people gathered at the [[Piazza del Campidoglio]] and began rioting even before Paul IV died.<ref name="Stow41">{{cite book|last=Stow|first=Kenneth|title=Theater of Acculturation: The Roman Ghetto in the 16th Century|location=Seattle|publisher=University of Washington Press|date=2001|page=41|isbn=978-0295980256|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x4IXBSFzhp8C}}</ref> His statue, erected before the Campidoglio just months before, had a yellow hat placed on it (similar to the yellow hat Paul IV had forced Jews to wear in public). After a mock trial, the statue was decapitated.<ref name="Stow41" /> It was then thrown into the [[Tiber]].<ref name="Levant719">{{cite book|last=Setton|first=Kenneth M.|title=The Papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571. Volume IV: The Sixteenth Century|location=Philadelphia|publisher=American Philosophical Society|date=1984|page=719|isbn=978-0871691149|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SrUNi2m_qZAC}}</ref>

The crowd broke into the three city jails and freed more than 400 prisoners, then broke into the offices of the Inquisition at the Palazzo dell' Inquisizone near to the [[San Rocco, Rome|Church of San Rocco]]. They murdered the Inquisitor, Tommaso Scotti, and freed 72 prisoners. One of those released was Dominican [[John Craig (minister)|John Craig]], who later was a colleague of [[John Knox]]. The people ransacked the palace, and then set it afire (destroying the Inquisition's records).<ref name="Levant718" /> That same day, or the next day (records are unclear), the crowd attacked the Church of [[Santa Maria sopra Minerva]]. The intercession of some local nobility dissuaded them from burning it and killing all those within.<ref>{{cite book|last=Setton|first=Kenneth M.|title=The Papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571. Volume IV: The Sixteenth Century|location=Philadelphia|publisher=American Philosophical Society|date=1984|pages=718–719|isbn=978-0871691149|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SrUNi2m_qZAC}}</ref> On the third day of rioting, the crowd removed the Carafa family coat of arms from all churches, monuments, and other buildings in the city.<ref name="Levant719" />

The crowd dedicated to him the following [[Pasquino|pasquinata]]:<ref>Claudio Rendina, ''I papi'', p. 646</ref>

:''Carafa hated by the devil and the sky''
:''is buried here with his rotting corpse,''
:''[[Erebus]] has taken the spirit;''
:''he hated peace on earth, our faith he contested.''
:''he ruined the church and the people, men and sky offended;''
:''treacherous friend, suppliant with the army which was fatal to him.''
:''You want to know more? Pope was him and that is enough.''
:
Such hostile views have not mellowed much with time; modern historians tend to view his papacy as an especially poor one. His policies stemmed from personal prejudices—against Spain, for example, or the Jews—rather than any overarching political or religious goals. In a time of precarious balance between Catholic and Protestant, his adversarial nature did little to slow the latter's spread across northern Europe. His anti-Spanish feelings alienated the Habsburgs, arguably the most powerful Catholic rulers in Europe, and his ascetic personal beliefs left him out of touch with the artistic and intellectual movements of his era (he often spoke of whitewashing the [[Sistine Chapel ceiling]]). Such a reactionary attitude alienated clergy and laity alike: historian [[John Julius Norwich]] calls him "the worst pope of the 16th century."<ref name=":0" />

Four or five hours after his death, Paul IV's body was taken to the [[Cappella Paolina]] in the [[Apostolic Palace]]. It [[Lying in repose|lay in repose]], and a choir sang the [[Office of the Dead]] on the morning of 19 August. Cardinals and many others then paid homage to Paul IV ("kissed the feet of the pope"). The [[Canon (priest)|canons]] of [[St. Peter's Basilica]] refused to take his body into the basilica unless they were paid the customary money and gifts. Instead, the canons sang the usual [[Canonical hours|office]] in the Cappella del Santissimo Sacramento (Chapel of the Blessed Sacrament). Paul IV's body was taken to the [[Sistine Chapel]] in the Apostolic Palace at 6 pm.<ref name="Levant719" />

Paul IV's nephew, [[Cardinal-nephew]] [[Carlo Carafa]], arrived in Rome late on 19 August. Worried that the rioters might break in and desecrate the pope's corpse, at 10 pm Cardinal Carafa had Pope Paul IV buried without ceremony next to the Cappella del Volto Santo (Chapel of the Holy Face) in St. Peter's. His remains stayed there until October 1566, when his successor as pope, Pius V, had them transferred to Santa Maria sopra Minerva. In the chapel founded by Paul IV's uncle and mentor, Cardinal [[Oliviero Carafa]], a tomb was created by [[Pirro Ligorio]] and Paul IV's remains were placed therein.<ref name="Levant719" />