Editing Pope John XXIII (section)

==Papacy==
{{Infobox popestyles
| image      = C o a Johannes XXIII.svg
| dipstyle=[[His Holiness]]
| offstyle=Your Holiness
| relstyle=Holy Father
| deathstyle=[[Canonization|Saint]]}}
{{Ordination
|ordained deacon by   =
|date of diaconal ordination =
|place of diaconal ordination =
|ordained priest by   = [[Giuseppe Ceppetelli]]
|date of priestly ordination = 10 August 1904
|place of priestly ordination = Santa Maria in Monte Santo in Piazza del Popolo, [[Rome]], Italy
|consecrated by              = [[Giovanni Tacci Porcelli|Giovanni Tacci Card. Porcelli]]
|co-consecrators             = [[Giuseppe Palica]]<br />[[Francesco Marchetti Selvaggiani]]
|date of consecration  = 19 March 1925
|place of consecration = San Carlo alla Corso, [[Rome]], Italy
|elevated by          = [[Pope Pius XII]]
|date of elevation    = 12 January 1953
|bishop 1             = [[Antonio Gregorio Vuccino]]
|consecration date 1  = 25 July 1937
|bishop 2             = [[Alfredo Pacini]]
|consecration date 2  = 11 June 1946
|bishop 3             = [[Giacomo Testa]]
|consecration date 3  = 26 August 1953
|bishop 4             = [[Silvio Oddi|Silvio Angelo Pio Oddi]]
|consecration date 4  = 27 September 1953
|bishop 5             = [[Angelo Dell'Acqua]]
|consecration date 5  = 27 December 1958
|bishop 6             = [[Pope John Paul I|Albino Luciani]]
|consecration date 6  = 27 December 1958
|bishop 7             = [[Domenico Tardini]]
|consecration date 7  = 27 December 1958
|bishop 8             = [[Charles Msakila]] 
|consecration date 8  = 27 December 1958
|bishop 9             = [[James Hagan (bishop)|James Hagan]]
|consecration date 9  = 8 May 1960
|bishop 10            = [[Pericle Felici]]
|consecration date 10 = 28 October 1960
|bishop 11            = [[Alfredo Ottaviani]]
|consecration date 11 = 19 April 1962
|bishop 12            = [[Alberto di Jorio]]
|consecration date 12 = 19 April 1962
|bishop 13            = [[Augustin Bea]]
|consecration date 13 = 19 April 1962
|bishop 14            = [[Enrico Dante]]
|consecration date 14 = 21 September 1962
|bishop 15            = [[Pietro Palazzini]]
|consecration date 15 = 21 September 1962
|bishop 16            = [[Paul-Pierre Philippe]]
|consecration date 16 = 21 September 1962
}}

===Papal election===
{{Main |1958 papal conclave}}
Following the death of [[Pope Pius XII]] on 9 October 1958, Roncalli watched the live funeral on his last full day in [[Venice]] on 11 October.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}} His journal was specifically concerned with the funeral and the abused state of the late pontiff's corpse. Roncalli left Venice for the conclave in Rome well aware that he was ''[[papabile]]'',{{efn|William Doino is one of the commentators who claim that Roncalli was ''papabile'' and argue that "[b]y the time of Pius XII’s death, in 1958, Cardinal Roncalli 'contrary to the idea he came out of nowhere to become pope' was actually one of those favored to be elected. He was well known, well-liked, and trusted."<ref name=FirstThings>{{Cite journal|journal=First Things|url=http://www.firstthings.com/web-exclusives/2012/07/pope-john-xxiii-conserver-of-tradition|title=Pope John XXIII: Conserver of Tradition|last=Doino|first=William Jr.|date=2 July 2012|access-date=28 April 2014}}</ref>}} and after eleven ballots, was elected to succeed the late Pius XII, so it came as no surprise to him, though he had arrived at the Vatican with a return train ticket to Venice.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lee |first1=Dr. Jean |title=Saints for Today: John XXIII, Pope (1881–1963) |url=https://voiceofthesouthwest.org/saints-for-today-john-xxiii-pope-1881-1963/ |website=voiceofthesouthwest.org |date=9 October 2014 |access-date=31 August 2021}}</ref>

Many had considered [[Pope Paul VI|Giovanni Battista Montini]], the [[Archbishop of Milan]], a possible candidate, but, although he was the archbishop of one of the most ancient and prominent [[Episcopal see|sees]] in Italy, he had not yet been made a cardinal.<ref>{{Citation |url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/biography/documents/hf_p-vi_bio_16071997_biography_en.html |title=Pope Paul VI: 1963–1978 |type=biography |place=Rome, IT |publisher=Vatican |access-date=28 February 2006}}</ref> Though his absence from the 1958 conclave did not make him ineligible – under [[Canon law (Catholic Church)|Canon Law]] any Catholic male who is capable of receiving priestly ordination and episcopal consecration may be elected – the [[College of Cardinals]] usually chose the new pontiff from among the Cardinals who attend the papal conclave. At the time, as opposed to modern practice, the participating Cardinals did not have to be below age 80 to vote, there were few Eastern-rite Cardinals,{{efn|At the 1958 conclave, the two Eastern Catholic cardinal-electors were [[Gregorio Pietro Agagianian]], [[Patriarchate of Cilicia|Patriarch of Cilicia]] of the [[Armenian Catholic Church]] and [[Ignatius Gabriel I Tappouni]], Patriarch of Antioch of the [[Syriac Catholic Church]]}} and some Cardinals were just priests at the time of their elevation.{{efn|At the 1958 conclave, [[Nicola Canali]] the Cardinal protodeacon was only an ordained priest and [[Alfredo Ottaviani]], the Cardinal-Deacon of ''[[Santa Maria in Domnica]]'' had not yet been consecrated as a bishop.}}

Roncalli was summoned to the final ballot of the conclave at 4:00&nbsp;pm. He was elected pope at 4:30&nbsp;pm with a total of 38 votes. After the long pontificate of Pope Pius XII, the cardinals chose a man who – it was presumed because of his advanced age – would be a short-term or "stop-gap" pope. They wished to choose a candidate who would do little during the new pontificate. Upon his election, Cardinal [[Eugène Tisserant]] asked him the ritual questions of whether he would accept and, if so, what name he would take for himself. Roncalli gave the first of his many surprises when he chose "John" as his [[papal name]]. Roncalli's exact words were, "I will be called John." This was the first time in over 500 years that this name had been chosen; previous popes had avoided its use since the time of the [[Antipope John XXIII]] during the [[Western Schism]] several centuries before.

On the choice of his papal name, Pope John XXIII said to the cardinals:
{{Blockquote|I will be called John... a name sweet to [[Royal we|us]] because it is the name of our father, dear to us because it is the name of the humble parish church where we were baptized, the solemn name of numberless cathedrals scattered throughout the world, including our own basilica [St. John Lateran]. [[Pope John (numbering)|Twenty-two Johns]] of [[Antipope|indisputable legitimacy]] have [been Pope], and almost all had a brief pontificate. We have preferred to hide the smallness of our name behind this magnificent succession of Roman Pontiffs.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.vatican.va/content/john-xxiii/la/speeches/1958/documents/hf_j-xxiii_spe_19581028_accettazione-mandato.html | title=Accettazione del Supremo mandato, 28 Ottobre 1958, Giovanni XXIII &#124; Ioannes XXIII }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,938062,00.html |title=I Choose John... |newspaper=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=10 November 1958}}</ref>}}

Upon his choosing the name, there was some confusion as to whether he would be known as John XXIII or John XXIV; in response, he declared that he was John XXIII, thus affirming the antipapal status of [[antipope John XXIII]].

Before this antipope, the most recent popes called John had been [[Pope John XXII|John XXII]] (1316–1334) and [[Pope John XXI|John XXI]] (1276–1277). No [[Pope John XX]] existed, owing to confusion caused by medieval historians misreading the [[Liber Pontificalis]] to refer to another Pope John between [[Pope John XIV|John XIV]] and [[Pope John XV|John XV]].

After his election, he confided in Cardinal [[Maurice Feltin]] that he had chosen the name "in memory of France and in the memory of John XXII who continued the history of the papacy in France."<ref>{{Citation |first=Peter |last=Hebblethwaite |title=John XXIII, Pope of the Council |edition=rev |publisher=Harper Collins |place=Glasgow |year=1994 |page=220}}</ref>

After he answered the two ritual questions, the traditional [[Habemus Papam]] announcement was delivered by Cardinal [[Nicola Canali]] to the people at 6:08&nbsp;pm, an exact hour after the white smoke appeared. A short while later, he appeared on the balcony and gave his first [[Urbi et Orbi]] blessing to the crowds of the faithful below in [[Saint Peter's Square]]. That same night, he appointed [[Domenico Tardini]] as his [[Cardinal Secretary of State]]. Of the three cassocks prepared for whoever the new pope was, even the largest was not enough to fit his obese frame, which had to be let out in certain places and only to be held together with great effort by safety pins. When he first saw himself in the mirror in his new vestments, he said with an appraising and critical look, "This man will be a disaster on television!" while later saying he felt his first appearance before the globe was as if he were a "newborn babe in swaddling clothes."<ref name=ALL>{{cite web |url=https://www.americamagazine.org/content/all-things/pope-and-president-john-xxiii-and-dwight-d-eisenhower-era-di-belli-was-beaut |title=When Pope John and Ike Laughed It up in the Vatican|date=16 September 2015}}</ref>

His [[Papal coronation|coronation]] took place on 4 November 1958, on the feast of Saint [[Charles Borromeo]], in the central loggia of the Vatican. He was crowned with the 1877 [[Palatine Tiara]]. His coronation lasted the traditional five hours.

In John XXIII's first [[Papal consistory|consistory]] on 15 December of that same year, Montini was created a cardinal and would become John XXIII's successor in 1963, taking the name of [[Pope Paul VI|Paul VI]]. That consistory was notable for being the first to expand the Sacred College membership beyond the then-traditional 70.
[[File:Pope John XXIII blessing the Crowd (1958).jpg|thumb|left|Pope John XXIII's coronation on 4 November 1958. He was crowned wearing the 1877 [[Palatine Tiara]].]]

Following his election, the new pope told the tale of how, in his first weeks, he was walking when he heard a woman exclaim in a loud voice: "My God, he's so fat!" The new pope casually remarked: "Madame, the holy conclave isn't exactly a beauty contest!"<ref name=ALL />

===Visits around Rome===
[[File:Pope John XXIII - Porto Viro - Rovigo.jpg|thumb|Monument to Pope John XXIII in [[Porto Viro]] ([[Rovigo]])]]
[[File:Pope John XXIII - 1959.jpg|thumb|Pope John XXIII in 1959]]
On 25 December 1958, he became the first pope since 1870 to make pastoral visits in his [[Diocese of Rome]], when he visited children infected with [[polio]] at the [[Bambino Gesù Hospital]] and then visited [[Ospedale di Santo Spirito in Sassia|Santo Spirito Hospital]]. The following day, he visited Rome's [[Regina Coeli prison]], where he told the inmates: "You could not come to me, so I came to you." These gestures created a sensation, and he wrote in his diary: "... great astonishment in the Roman, Italian and international press. I was hemmed in on all sides: authorities, photographers, prisoners, warders..."<ref>{{Cite book|first=Peter |last=Hebblethwaite|title=Pope John XXIII: Shepherd of the Modern World|publisher=Image Books |year=1987|page=303}}</ref>

During these visits, John XXIII put aside the normal papal use of the [[Majestic plural|formal "we"]] when referring to himself, such as when he visited a reformatory school for juvenile delinquents in Rome telling them "I have wanted to come here for some time". The media noticed this and reported that "He talked to the youths in their own language."<ref>{{cite news |title=Look Ahead, Pontiff Advises Young Inmates|agency=Associated Press|work=St Petersburg Times|date=12 November 1962|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0Z4oAAAAIBAJ&pg=2896,1214486&dq=ottaviani}}</ref>

==="Ostpolitik" and Eastern Europe===
In international affairs, his "Ostpolitik" ["Eastern policy"] engaged in dialogue with the Communist countries of Eastern Europe. He worked to reconcile the Vatican with the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] to settle tensions between the local churches. The Second Vatican Council did not condemn Communism and did not even mention it, in what some{{Who|date=March 2025}} have called a secret agreement between the Holy See and the [[Soviet Union]].{{citation-needed|date=March 2025}} In ''[[Pacem in terris]],'' John XXIII also sought to prevent nuclear war and tried to improve relations between the Soviet Union and the United States. He began a policy of dialogue with Soviet leaders in order to seek conditions in which Eastern Catholics could find relief from persecution.<ref>Dennis J. Dunn "The Vatican's Ostpolitik: Past and Present." ''Journal of International Affairs'' (1982) 36#2 : 247–255. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24356438 online]</ref>

===Relations with Jews===
{{Main| Pope John XXIII and Judaism}}
Pope John XXIII made several gestures to demonstrate his sympathetic feelings for the Jewish community. He sent a message to the [[Chief Rabbi of Israel]] announcing his election, even though the Holy See did not recognize the State of Israel. On 17 October 1960, he met with a delegation of 130 American Jews associated with the [[United Jewish Appeal]]. He greeted them with words from the Bible, "I am Joseph your brother," to establish that he and they were starting a new relationship despite what may have passed between Catholics and Jews before, as [[Joseph (Genesis)#Family reunited|Joseph reconciled with his brothers]] in [[Book of Genesis]]. On 17 March 1962, he stopped his car when he saw people exiting the synagogue in Rome and blessed them in the morning. A rabbi described the scene: "After a moment of understandable bewilderment, the Jews surrounded him and applauded him enthusiastically. It was in fact the first time in history that a pope had blessed Jews and it was perhaps the first real gesture of reconciliation."<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Madges| editor-first1=William| title=Vatican II: Forty Years Later|date=2005|publisher=Wipf & Stock|location=Eugene, Oregon|page=309|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9D9NAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA309|accessdate=17 January 2018 | first= Elena | last= Procario-Foley | chapter= Heir or Orphan? Theological Evolution and Devolution before and after ''Nostra Aetate''| isbn=9781610977395}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Jews Throughout World Pray for Pope John; Send Messages to Vatican|url=https://www.jta.org/1963/06/03/archive/jews-throughout-world-pray-for-pope-john-send-messages-to-vatican|accessdate=17 January 2018|work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency|date=3 June 1963}}</ref>

One of the notable acts of Pope John XXIII, in 1960, was to eliminate the description of Jews as ''perfidius'' (Latin for "perfidious" or "faithless") in the prayer for the [[Conversion of the Jews (future event)|conversion of the Jews]] in the [[Good Friday prayer for the Jews|Good Friday liturgy]]. He interrupted the first Good Friday liturgy in his pontificate to address this issue when he first heard a celebrant refer to the Jews with that word. He also made a confession for the Church for [[antisemitism]] through the centuries.<ref>{{cite web |last=Schulweis |first=Harold |author-link=Harold M. Schulweis |title=Catholic-Jewish Relations: Post-Holocaust Yom Kippur, 1999 |url=http://www.vbs.org/page.cfm?p=497 |publisher=VBS |access-date=23 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185117/http://www.vbs.org/page.cfm?p=497 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Also, in 1960, John XXIII modified the language used in the baptism of adults, removing the warning against returning to one's earlier religious faith, with texts available for a pagan, Muslim, Jew, and heretical Christian. In the case of a Jewish convert the text was: "You should abhor Hebrew perfidy and reject Hebrew superstition." The modification was made because Pope John wanted "to emphasize everything that unites and to remove anything that unduly divides believers in God".<ref>{{cite news|title=Vatican Changes Converts' Rites|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1960/08/02/99770073.pdf|accessdate=18 January 2018|work=New York Times|date=2 August 1960}}</ref>

While Vatican II was being held, John XXIII tasked Cardinal [[Augustin Bea]] with creating several important documents that pertained to reconciliation with Jewish people. The declaration [[Nostra aetate]] is generally thought to have been influenced by Pope John's teachings.

These words and actions endeared him to the Jewish people. The Chief Rabbi of Israel, [[Yitzhak Nissim]], later mourned his death as "A loss that saddens all those who seek peace and human love."<ref>Laclal V'elaprat, part 1, p. 439</ref>

===Calling the Council===
[[File:Pope John XXIII and Sami as-Solh.png|thumb|John XXIII with Prime Minister of Lebanon [[Sami as-Solh]] in 1959]] 
Far from being a mere "stopgap" pope, to great excitement, John XXIII called for an [[ecumenical council]] fewer than 90 years after the [[First Vatican Council]] (Vatican I's predecessor, the [[Council of Trent]], had been held in the 16th century). This decision was announced on 25 January 1959 at the [[Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls]]. Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini, who later became [[Pope Paul VI]], remarked to [[Giulio Bevilacqua]] that "this holy old boy doesn't realize what a hornet's nest he's stirring up."<ref>{{Citation |first=George |last=Weigel |url=http://www.firstthings.com/article/2007/01/thinking-through-vatican-ii |title=Thinking Through Vatican II |newspaper=First Things |date=June–July 2001 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609185705/http://www.firstthings.com/article/2007/01/thinking-through-vatican-ii |archive-date=9 June 2011 |access-date=22 April 2010 }}</ref> From the [[Second Vatican Council]] came changes that reshaped the face of Catholicism: a [[Mass of Paul VI|comprehensively revised liturgy]], a stronger emphasis on [[ecumenism]], and a new approach to the world.

Prior to the first session of the council, John XXIII visited [[Assisi]] and [[Loreto, Marche|Loreto]] on 4 October 1962 to pray for the new upcoming council as well as to mark the feast day of Saint [[Francis of Assisi]]. He was the first pope to travel outside Rome since [[Pope Pius IX]]. Along the way, there were several halts at [[Orte]], [[Narni]], [[Terni]], [[Spoleto]], [[Foligno]], [[Fabriano]], [[Iesi]], [[Falconara Marittima]] and [[Ancona]] where the crowds greeted him.<ref>{{Citation |first=Peter |last=Hebblethwaite |title=John XXIII, Pope of the Council |edition=rev |publisher=Harper Collins |place=Glasgow |year=1994 |page=425}}</ref>

===Moral and doctrinal theology===
{{Main|Moral theology of John XXIII}}
In matters of [[doctrinal theology]], John XXIII has been considered to be a traditionalist. Stravinskas notes his "determination ... to ensure doctrinal fidelity" with past church teaching while ensuring that there was a contemporary tone in how such teaching was communicated.<ref>Stravinskas, P., [https://web.archive.org/web/20221011093118/https://www.catholicworldreport.com/2022/10/11/on-pope-john-xxiiis-opening-address-at-the-second-vatican-council/ On Pope John XXIII’s opening Address at the Second Vatican Council], ''The Catholic World Report,'' published and archived on 11 October 2022, accessed on 5 October 2024</ref>

====Contraception====
[[File:Olympische Spelen te Rome, Paus Johannes XXIII zegent de deelnemers aan de Spele, Bestanddeelnr 911-5390.jpg|thumb|left|John XXIII greets sportsmen for the [[1960 Summer Olympics]] on 28 August 1960.]]
In 1963, John XXIII established a [[Pontifical Commission on Birth Control|commission]] of six non-theologians to investigate questions of [[birth control]].<ref name=shannon>{{cite book |last=Shannon |first=William Henry |title=The lively debate: response to Humanae vitae |year=1970 |publisher=Sheed & Ward |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8362-0374-5 |pages=76–104 |chapter=VII. The Papal Commission on Birth Control}}</ref><ref name=mcclory>{{cite book |last=McClory |first=Robert |title=Turning point: the inside story of the Papal Birth Control Commission, and how Humanae vitae changed the life of Patty Crowley and the future of the church |year=1995 |publisher=Crossroad |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8245-1458-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/turningpointinsi0000mccl }}</ref>

====Human rights====
John XXIII was an advocate for human rights, including the rights of the unborn and the elderly. He wrote about human rights in his [[encyclical]] ''[[Pacem in terris]]''. He wrote, "Man has the right to live. He has the right to bodily integrity and to the means necessary for the proper development of life, particularly food, clothing, shelter, medical care, rest, and, finally, the necessary social services. In consequence, he has the right to be looked after in the event of ill health; disability stemming from his work; widowhood; old age; enforced unemployment; or whenever through no fault of his own he is deprived of the means of livelihood."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_xxiii/encyclicals/documents/hf_j-xxiii_enc_11041963_pacem_en.html |title=Encyclical ''Pacem in terris'' of John XXIII, 11 April 1963 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=28 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928182928/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_xxiii/encyclicals/documents/hf_j-xxiii_enc_11041963_pacem_en.html |archive-date=28 September 2012}}</ref>

====Divorce====
John XXIII said that human life is transmitted through the family, which is founded on the sacrament of marriage and is both one and indissoluble as a union in God, therefore, it is against the teachings of the Church for a married couple to [[divorce]].<ref name="Mater et magistra, 193">''Mater et magistra'', 193</ref>

===Pope John XXIII and papal ceremonial===
{{Main|Ceremonial of John XXIII}}
Pope John XXIII was the last pope to use [[papal inauguration|full papal ceremony]], some of which was abolished after [[Vatican II]], while the rest fell into disuse. His [[papal coronation]] ran for the traditional five hours (Pope Paul&nbsp;VI, by contrast, opted for a shorter ceremony, while later popes declined to be crowned). Pope John XXIII, like his predecessor Pius XII, chose to have the coronation itself take place on the balcony of [[St. Peter's Basilica]], in view of the crowds assembled in [[Saint Peter's Square]] below.

He wore a number of papal tiaras during his papacy. On the most formal of occasions, he would don the 1877 Palatine [[Papal tiara|tiara]] he received at his coronation, but on other occasions, he used the 1922 tiara of Pope Pius XI, which was used so often that it was associated with him quite strongly. The people of Bergamo gave him an expensive silver [[Tiara of Pope John XXIII|tiara]], but he requested that the number of jewels used be halved and that the money be given to the poor.

===Liturgical reform===
Maintaining continuity with his predecessors, John XXIII continued the gradual reform of the Roman liturgy and published changes that resulted in the [[1962 Roman Missal]], the last typical edition containing the [[Tridentine Mass]] codified in 1570 by [[Pope Pius V]] after the [[Council of Trent]]. It inserted into the [[canon of the Mass]] the name of [[Saint Joseph]], the first change for centuries in the canon of the Mass.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catholicdigest.com/articles/faith/saints/2013/06-24/st-joseph--the-mass |title=Richard Breyer, "St. Joseph & the Mass" in ''Catholic Digest'' |access-date=28 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226061339/http://www.catholicdigest.com/articles/faith/saints/2013/06-24/st-joseph--the-mass |archive-date=26 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Many [[Traditional Catholicism|traditionalist Catholics]], today, continue to use the 1962 Roman Missal, to celebrate Mass.

===Beatifications and canonization ceremonies===
{{Main|List of saints canonized by Pope John XXIII}}
[[File:Pope John XXIII - Time Magazine Cover - January 4, 1963.jpg|left|thumb|Pope John XXIII on ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine cover of 4 January 1963|alt=]]
John XXIII [[Beatification|beatified]] four individuals in his reign: [[Elena Guerra]] (26 April 1959), [[Innocenzo da Berzo]] (12 November 1961), [[Elizabeth Ann Seton]] (17 March 1963) and [[Luigi Maria Palazzolo]] (19 March 1963).

He also [[Canonization|canonized]] a small number of individuals: he canonized [[Charles of Sezze]] and [[Joaquina Vedruna de Mas]] on 12 April 1959, [[Gregorio Barbarigo]] on 26 May 1960, [[Juan de Ribera]] on 12 June 1960, [[Maria Bertilla Boscardin]] on 11 May 1961, [[Martin de Porres]] on 6 May 1962, and [[Antonio Maria Pucci]], [[Francis Mary of Camporosso]] and [[Peter Julian Eymard]] on 9 December 1962. His final canonization was that of [[Vincent Pallotti]] on 20 January 1963.

====Doctor of the Church====
John XXIII proclaimed Saint [[Lawrence of Brindisi]] as a [[Doctor of the Church]] on 19 March 1959 and conferred upon him the title "''Doctor apostolicus''" ("Apostolic Doctor").

====Relationship with Padre Pio====
According to the Italian historian Sérgio Luzzatto, the relationship between Pope John XXIII and [[Pio of Pietrelcina]] (or "Padre Pio") was controversial and characterized by skepticism and criticism of Padre Pio made by John XXIII. He also accused and believed that Padre Pio was a fraud and a lost soul who had an almost medieval faith and incorrect relationships with several women.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=29 July 2009 |date=25 October 2007 |language=en |publisher=Times Online |title=Italy's favourite saint was a fraud believed former pope |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article2739751.ece}}<!-- auto-translated from Portuguese by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>

However, another source stated that John XXIII's attitude towards Padre Pio was generally very positive. But, due to the wrong and negative information he received, John XXIII became quite skeptical and critical. However, according to this same source, shortly before his death, the Pope confessed that he had been wrongly informed and recognized the holiness of Padre Pio, and even asked Padre Pio to pray for him.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=29 July 2009 |date=2008 |language=en |publisher=Sunday Catholic Weekly Niedziela |title=Saint Father Pio – a sign and challenge |url=http://sunday.niedziela.pl/artykul.php?dz=swiat&id_art=00102}}<!-- auto-translated from Portuguese by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>

===Consistories===
{{main|Cardinals created by John XXIII}}
The pope created 52 cardinals in five consistories, including his successor who would become Pope Paul VI. John XXIII decided to expand the size of the College of Cardinals beyond its limit of seventy that [[Pope Sixtus V]] established in 1586.<ref>{{cite book|last=Noonan|first=James-Charles|title=The Church Visible: The Ceremonial Life and Protocol of the Roman Catholic Church, Revised Edition|year=2012|publisher=Sterling Ethos|location=New York|isbn=978-1-40278730-0|pages=8–9}}</ref> The pope also reserved three additional cardinals "''[[in pectore]]''" in 1960 which meant he secretly named cardinals without revealing their identities. The pope died before he could reveal these names, therefore meaning that these appointments were never legitimized. John XXIII also sought to further internationalize the College of Cardinals like Pius XII attempted, while also naming the first-ever cardinals from countries such as [[Japan]] ([[Peter Doi]]) and [[Tanzania]] ([[Laurean Rugambwa]]). Unlike his predecessor, John XXIII held frequent consistories in a marked departure from Pius XII, returning to the frequency seen in the earlier 20th century.

John XXIII also issued a rule in 1962 mandating that all cardinals should be bishops; he himself ordained as bishops the twelve non-bishop cardinals in April 1962.<ref>{{cite news |work= The New York Times |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1962/04/20/443411692.pdf |date=20 April 1962|access-date=25 October 2017 |title=Catholic Cardinals Now Are All Bishops |quote=From today therefore, perhaps for the first time in the history of the Roman Catholic Church, all Cardinals are Bishops.}}</ref>

According to a June 2007 interview, [[Loris Francesco Capovilla]] revealed that [[Francesco Lardone]] was one of the cardinals that John XXIII had reserved ''in pectore'' in 1960. According to Capovilla, Lardone's precarious position in [[Turkey]] meant that he would have to abandon his position if he were named to the cardinalate. Lardone was of the opinion that he could assist bishops in the [[Iron Curtain]] from his posting which he would be unable to do if he was relocated to accept a position in Rome. In November 1960, in preparation for the next consistory, John XXIII offered the cardinalate to Diego Venini who declined the offer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cardinals.fiu.edu/consistories-xx.htm#JohnXXIII|title=John XXIII (1958-1963)|publisher=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church|author=Salvador Miranda|date=|accessdate=18 February 2022}}</ref>

===Vatican II: The first session===
[[File:Giovanni XXIII durante il Concilio Vaticano II (Lothar Wolleh).jpg|thumb|John XXIII presiding the opening Mass of the Second Vatican Council]]
On 11 October 1962, the first session of the [[Second Vatican Council]] was held in the Vatican. He gave the [[Gaudet Mater Ecclesia]] speech, which served as the opening address for the council. The day consisted of electing members for several council commissions that would work on the issues presented in the council.<ref name="S1-1">{{cite book |last=Bokenkotter |first=Thomas |title=A Concise History of the Catholic Church |publisher=Image |location=New York |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-385-51613-6 |page=413}}</ref> On the night following the conclusion of the first session, the people in Saint Peter's Square chanted and yelled with the objective of having John XXIII appear at the window to address them.

Pope John XXIII appeared at the window and delivered a speech to the people below, and told them to return home and hug their children, telling them that the hug came from the pope. This speech would later become known as the so-called 'Speech of the Moon.'<ref name="Speech2012">{{cite web |title=John XXIII: the speech to the moon above ... |publisher=Vatican Radio |url=http://www.news.va/en/news/john-xxiii-the-speech-to-the-moon-above |access-date=2 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020121910/http://www.news.va/en/news/john-xxiii-the-speech-to-the-moon-above |archive-date=20 October 2012}}</ref>

The first session ended in a solemn ceremony on 8 December 1962, with the next session scheduled to occur in 1963 from 12 May to 29 June – this was announced on 12 November 1962. John XXIII's closing speech made subtle references to [[Pope Pius IX]], and he had expressed the desire to see Pius IX beatified and eventually canonized. In his journal in 1959, during a spiritual retreat, John XXIII made this remark: "I always think of Pius IX of holy and glorious memory, and by imitating him in his sacrifices, I would like to be worthy to celebrate his canonization."

===Final months and death===
[[File:Funeral procession of Pope John XXIII.jpg|thumb|The body of John XXIII carried to St. Peter's Basilica for lying in state]]
[[File:St. Peter's Basilica - Tomb of Pope John XXIII.jpg|thumb|The original tomb of John XXIII (until 2000) in the Vatican necropolis]]
On 23 September 1962, Pope John XXIII was diagnosed with [[stomach cancer]]. The diagnosis, which was kept from the public, followed nearly eight months of occasional stomach hemorrhages and reduced the pontiff's appearances. Looking pale and drawn during these events, he gave a hint to his ultimate fate in April 1963, when he said to visitors, "That which happens to all men perhaps will happen soon to the Pope who speaks to you today."

Pope John XXIII offered to mediate between US President [[John F. Kennedy]] and [[Nikita Khrushchev]] during the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]] in October 1962. Both men applauded the pope for his deep commitment to peace. Khrushchev would later send a message via [[Norman Cousins]] and the letter expressed his best wishes for the pontiff's ailing health. John XXIII personally typed and sent a message back to him, thanking him for his letter. Cousins, meanwhile, traveled to [[New York City]] and ensured that John would become [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine's]] '[[Time Person of the Year|Man of the Year]].' John XXIII became the first Pope to receive the title, followed by [[Pope John Paul II|John Paul II]] in 1994 and [[Pope Francis|Francis]] in 2013.

On 10 February 1963, John XXIII officially opened the process of beatification for the late Cardinal [[Andrea Carlo Ferrari]], [[Archbishop of Milan]] from 1894 to 1921. This conferred upon him the title of [[Servant of God]].

On 7 March 1963, the feast of the university's patron Saint [[Thomas Aquinas]], Pope John XXIII visited the [[Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas]] ''Angelicum'' and with the ''[[motu proprio]]'' ''Dominicanus Ordo'',<ref>{{Citation |journal=[[Acta Apostolicae Sedis]] |volume=55 |year=1963 |place=[[Rome]], [[Italy|IT]] |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS%2055%20%5B1963%5D%20-%20ocr.pdf |title=Acta Ioannis Pp. XXIII |pages=205–208 |access-date=9 September 2012}}</ref> raised the ''Angelicum'' to the rank of [[Pontifical University]]. Thereafter, it would be known as the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas in the city.<ref>{{Citation |url=https://www.vatican.va/news_services/or/or_quo/interviste/2008/083q04c1.html |publisher=Vatican |place=Rome, IT |language=it |title=Interviste |trans-title=Interviews |year=2008 |volume=83 |number=4 |at=c. 1 |access-date=5 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |url=http://toninomeneghetti.iobloggo.com/tag/ontospychology |title=Io bloggo |work=Ontospychology |first=Antonio 'Tonino' |last=Meneghetti |access-date=5 February 2013 |quote=On 8 March 1963, Pope Giovanni XXIII came to the Angelicum to celebrate the passage from Ateneo Angelicum to University: Pontificia Universitas Studiorum Sancti Tomae Aquinatis in Urbe.}}</ref>

On 10 May 1963, John XXIII received the [[Balzan Prize]] in private at the Vatican but deflected achievements of himself to the five popes of his lifetime, [[Pope Leo XIII]] to Pius XII. On 11 May, the Italian President [[Antonio Segni]] officially awarded Pope John XXIII with the Balzan Prize for his engagement for peace. While in the car en route to the official ceremony, he suffered great stomach pains but insisted on meeting with Segni to receive the award in the [[Quirinal Palace]], refusing to do so within the Vatican. He stated that it would have been an insult to honor a pontiff on the remains of the crucified [[Saint Peter]].<ref name="Hebblethwaite 1994 502">{{Citation |first=Peter |last=Hebblethwaite |title=John XXIII, Pope of the Council |edition=rev |publisher=Harper Collins |place=Glasgow |year=1994 |page=502}}</ref> It was the pope's last public appearance.

On 25 May 1963, the pope suffered another hemorrhage and required several blood transfusions, but cancer had perforated the stomach wall, and [[peritonitis]] soon set in. The doctors conferred in a decision regarding this matter, and John XXIII's aide [[Loris F. Capovilla]] broke the news to him, saying that the cancer had done its work and nothing could be done for him. Around this time, his remaining siblings arrived to be with him. By 31 May, it had become clear that the cancer had overcome the resistance of John XXIII – it had left him confined to his bed.

{{blockquote|text=At 11&nbsp;am [[Petrus Canisius van Lierde]] as Papal Sacristan was at the bedside of the dying pope, ready to [[Anointing of the Sick (Catholic Church)|anoint]] him. The pope began to speak for the last time: "I had the great grace to be born into a Christian family, modest and poor, but with the fear of the Lord. My time on Earth is drawing to a close. But Christ lives on and continues his work in the Church. Souls, souls, ''[[That they all may be one|ut omnes unum sint]]''."{{Efn |'...that all may be one.'}}  Van Lierde then anointed his eyes, ears, mouth, hands, and feet. Overcome by emotion, van Lierde forgot the right order of anointing. John XXIII gently helped him before bidding those present a last farewell.|author= Peter Hebblethwaite |3 = ''John XXIII, Pope of the Council'' (1994), page 502<ref name="Hebblethwaite 1994 502" />}}

John XXIII died of peritonitis caused by a perforated stomach at 19:49 local time on 3 June 1963 at the age of 81, ending a historic pontificate of four years and seven months. He died just as a Mass for him finished in Saint Peter's Square below, celebrated by [[Luigi Traglia]]. After he died, his brow was ritually tapped to see if he was dead, and those with him in the room said prayers. Then, the room was illuminated, thus informing the people of what had happened. The Italian government announced three days of mourning with flags half-masted and the closure of offices and schools.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1963/06/05/archives/world-mourning-death-of-pontiff-periods-of-grief-declared-italy.html | title=WORLD MOURNING DEATH OF PONTIFF; Periods of Grief Declared-- Italy Closes Schools Newspaper Reports Home Town Draped in Black French of All Faiths Grieve W.E.U. Session Suspended Spain Displays Black Portuguese Flags at Half-Staff Prayers Offered in Britain Macapagal Declares Mourning 3 Days of Mourning in Cuba Bells to Toll in Mexico Episcopal Bishop in Tribute | newspaper=The New York Times | date=5 June 1963 }}</ref> [[Francoist Spain|Spain]] announced ten days of mourning with flags half-masted;<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1963/06/04/index.php?s=1 | title=BOE.es - Sumario del día 04/06/1963 }}</ref> The [[Philippines]] announced nine days of mourning with flags half-masted;<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1963/06/04/proclamation-no-116-s-1963/ | title=Proclamation No. 116, s. 1963 &#124; GOVPH | date=4 June 1963 | access-date=22 May 2022 | archive-date=31 August 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831153202/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1963/06/04/proclamation-no-116-s-1963/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Fourth Brazilian Republic|Brazil]] declared five days of mourning;<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/decreto/1950-1969/d52088.htm | title=D52088 }}</ref> [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Portugal]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://casacomum.org/cc/visualizador?pasta=06549.087.18345|title=06549.087.18345|website=casacomum.org}}</ref> [[Paraguay]] and [[Guatemala]] announced three days of mourning;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.csj.gov.py/par97017/reglamentaciones/modulos/repsolotexto.asp?codigo_acord=125|title=Acordada número 5 de fecha 03/06/1963|website=www.csj.gov.py}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.prensalibre.com/hemeroteca/1963-el-mundo-llora-al-papa-juan-xxiii/ | title=1963: El mundo llora a Juan XXIII, el Papa bueno | date=June 2018 }}</ref> the [[Republic of the Congo]] declared one day of mourning.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K7zib7jMni4C&q=declares+national+mourning+for+john+XXIII+1963&pg=PA16 | title=Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts | year=1963 }}</ref> He was buried on 6 June in the [[Vatican Grottoes]]. Two [[wreath]]s, placed on the two sides of his tomb, were donated by the prisoners of the Regina Coeli prison and the Mantova jail in Verona. On 22 June 1963, one day after his friend and successor [[Pope Paul VI]] was elected, the latter prayed at his tomb. John XXIII's tomb is located near the tombs of both [[Pope Pius X]] and [[Pope John Paul II]].