Editing Pope Innocent X (section)

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[[File:GuidoReni MichaelDefeatsSatan.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Guido Reni]]'s [[archangel]] [[Michael (archangel)|Michael]] ([[Santa Maria della Concezione dei Cappuccini]], Rome) tramples a [[Satan]] with the vividly recognizable features of Pope Innocent X.]] 
During the papacy of Pope Urban VIII, the future Innocent X was the pope's most significant rival among the [[College of Cardinals]]. Antonio Barberini, Urban VIII's brother, was a cardinal who had begun his career with the [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|Capuchin brothers]]. About 1635, at the height of the [[Thirty Years' War]] in Germany, in which the papacy was intricately involved, Cardinal Antonio commissioned [[Guido Reni]]'s painting of the [[Archangel Michael]], trampling [[Satan]], who bears the recognizable features of Innocent X.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.essenceofrome.com/guido-reni-and-innocent-x-in-the-painting-of-san-michele-arcangelo-do-you-see-the-resemblance/ |title= Guido Reni and Innocent X in the painting of San Michele Arcangelo |date= 18 April 2023 }}</ref> This bold political artwork still hangs in a side chapel of the Capuchin friars' Church of the Conception ([[Santa Maria della Concezione dei Cappuccini]]) in Rome. A legend related to the painting is that the dashing and high-living artist, Guido Reni, had been insulted by rumours he thought were circulated by Cardinal Pamphili.

When, a few years later, Pamphili was raised to the papacy, other Barberini relatives fled to France on embezzlement accusations. Despite this, the Capuchins held fast to their chapel altarpiece.

Innocent was responsible for raising the Colegio de Santo Tomás de Nuestra Señora del Santísimo Rosario into the rank of a university. It is now the [[University of Santo Tomás]] in [[Manila]], the oldest existing in Asia.

In 1650, Innocent X celebrated a [[Jubilee (Christian)|Jubilee]]. He embellished Rome with inlaid floors and [[bas-relief]] in [[Saint Peter's Basilica|Saint Peter's]], erected [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini]]'s ''[[Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi]]'' in [[Piazza Navona]], the Pamphili stronghold in Rome, and ordered the construction of [[Palazzo Nuovo]] at the [[Capitoline Hill|Campidoglio]].<ref>[https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/190607 "Pope Innocent X", The Met]</ref>

Innocent X is also the subject of ''[[Portrait of Innocent X]]'', a famous painting by [[Diego Velázquez]] housed in the family gallery of Palazzo Doria ([[Doria Pamphilj Gallery]]). This portrait inspired the "Screaming Pope" paintings by 20th-century painter [[Francis Bacon (artist)|Francis Bacon]], the most famous of which is Bacon's ''[[Study after Velázquez's Portrait of Pope Innocent X]]''.

Innocent X has been described as irritable in his later years. In March 1654, Innocent X suddenly expelled his personal physician of eight years, [[Gabriel da Fonseca]], after Fonseca defended a barber who had bled the Pope.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Novoa |first=James William Nelson |date=2015 |title=Gabriel da Fonseca. A New Christian doctor in Bernini's Rome |url=https://dl.uc.pt/rest/bitstreams/11159125/retrieve |journal=Humanismo e Ciência: Antiguidade e Renascimento}}</ref> Fonseca claims he had been in service to the Pamphili family for over two decades, and that the Pope had regarded him not only as his physician but also as a private advisor.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Novoa |first=James William Nelson |title=Medicine, learning and Self Representation in seventeenth century Italy |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32243226.pdf |journal=Humanismo, Diáspora e Ciência |publisher=Universidade de Lisboa |pages=213–232}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Correia |first=Arlindo N.M. |date=2006 |title=Gabriel da Fonseca |url=https://www.arlindo-correia.com/061006.html |access-date=18 February 2024}}</ref>