Editing Pipeline (section)

==Water==
{{main|Water transportation}}
{{see also|Aqueduct (watercourse)|History of water supply and sanitation}}
[[File:LA Aqueduct Antelope Valley.jpg|thumb|The [[Los Angeles Aqueduct]] in [[Antelope Valley]]]]

Two millennia ago, the [[Roman Empire|ancient Romans]] made use of large [[Roman aqueduct|aqueducts]] to transport water from higher elevations by building the aqueducts in graduated segments that allowed [[gravity]] to push the water along until it reached its destination. Hundreds of these were built throughout Europe and elsewhere, and along with [[flour mill]]s were considered the lifeline of the Roman Empire. The [[history of China|ancient Chinese]] also made use of channels and pipe systems for public works. The famous [[Han dynasty]] court [[eunuch (court official)|eunuch]] [[Zhang Rang]] (d. 189&nbsp;AD) once ordered the engineer Bi Lan to construct a series of square-pallet [[chain pump]]s outside the capital city of [[Luoyang]].<ref name="needham volume 4 part 2 33">Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Part 2. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. p. 33.</ref> These chain pumps serviced the imperial [[palace]]s and living quarters of the capital city as the water lifted by the chain pumps was brought in by a [[stoneware]] [[pipe (material)|pipe]] system.<ref name="needham volume 4 part 2 33"/><ref name="needham volume 4 part 2 345 346">Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 345–46.</ref>

Pipelines are useful for transporting water for [[drinking water|drinking]] or [[irrigation]] over long distances when it needs to move over [[hill]]s, or where [[canal]]s or [[channel (geography)|channels]] are poor choices due to considerations of [[evaporation]], [[pollution]], or environmental impact.

The {{convert|530|km|miles|abbr=on}} [[Goldfields Water Supply Scheme]] in [[Western Australia]] using 750&nbsp;mm (30&nbsp;inch) pipe and completed in 1903 was the largest water supply scheme of its time.<ref>[http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A040174b.htm Mephan Ferguson] Australian Dictionary of Biography(online version)</ref><ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/dynasties/txt/s1489302.htm The Forrest family] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817224729/http://www.abc.net.au/dynasties/txt/s1489302.htm |date=2016-08-17 }} ''Dynasties'', ABC. Retrieved 17 September 2006.</ref>

Examples of significant water pipelines in [[South Australia]] are the [[Morgan Whyalla pipeline|Morgan-Whyalla pipeline]] (completed 1944) and [[Mannum-Adelaide pipeline]] (completed 1955) pipelines, both part of the larger [[Snowy Mountains scheme]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sawater.com.au/SAWater/WhatsNew/NewsRoom/Mannum+Adelaide+Celebrations.htm |title=Mannum Adelaide Celebrations |publisher=SA Water |access-date=2015-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503090622/http://www.sawater.com.au/SAWater/WhatsNew/NewsRoom/Mannum+Adelaide+Celebrations.htm |archive-date=2015-05-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Two [[Los Angeles, California]] aqueducts, the [[Owens Valley aqueduct]] (completed 1913) and the [[Los Angeles aqueduct#Second Los Angeles Aqueduct|Second Los Angeles Aqueduct]] (completed 1970), include extensive use of pipelines.

The [[Great Manmade River]] of Libya supplies {{convert|3680000|m3|cuyd}} of water each day to Tripoli, Benghazi, Sirte, and several other cities in Libya. The pipeline is over {{convert|2800|km|mi}} long, and is connected to wells tapping an aquifer over {{convert|500|m|ft}} underground.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/
|title=GMR (Great Man-Made River) Water Supply Project, Libya
|access-date=Apr 15, 2012
|publisher=water-technology.net
|archive-date=August 16, 2020
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>