Editing Pietism (section)

===Early leaders===
[[File:A Tidemand-Haugianerne.jpg|thumb|[[Haugean]] Pietist [[Conventicle]]]]
In 1686 Spener accepted an appointment to the court-chaplaincy at [[Dresden]], which opened to him a wider though more difficult sphere of labor. In [[Leipzig]], a society of young theologians was formed under his influence for the learned study and devout application of the Bible. Three magistrates belonging to that society, one of whom was [[August Hermann Francke]], subsequently the founder of the famous orphanage at [[Halle, Saxony-Anhalt|Halle]] (1695), commenced courses of expository lectures on the Scriptures of a practical and devotional character, and in the [[German language]], which were zealously frequented by both students and townsmen. The lectures aroused the ill-will of the other theologians and pastors of Leipzig, and Francke and his friends left the city, and with the aid of [[Christian Thomasius]] and Spener founded the new [[University of Halle]]. The theological chairs in the new university were filled in complete conformity with Spener's proposals. The main difference between the new Pietistic Lutheran school and the orthodox Lutherans arose from the Pietists' conception of Christianity as chiefly consisting in a change of heart and consequent holiness of life. Orthodox Lutherans rejected this viewpoint as a gross simplification, stressing the need for the church and for sound theological underpinnings.

Spener died in 1705, but the movement, guided by Francke and fertilized from Halle, spread through the whole of Middle and North Germany. Among its greatest achievements, apart from the philanthropic institutions founded at Halle, were the revival of the [[Moravian Church]] in 1727 by [[Nicolaus Ludwig Zinzendorf|Count von Zinzendorf]], formerly a pupil in Francke's School for Young Noblemen in Halle, and the establishment of Protestant missions. In particular, [[Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg]] (10 July 1682 – 23 February 1719) became the first Pietist missionary to India.

Spener stressed the necessity of a new birth and separation of Christians from the world (see [[Asceticism]]). Many Pietists maintained that the new birth always had to be preceded by agonies of repentance, and that only a regenerated theologian could teach theology. The whole school shunned all common worldly amusements, such as dancing, the theatre, and public games. Some believe this led to a new form of justification by works. Its ''ecclesiolae in ecclesia'' also weakened the power and meaning of church organization. These Pietistic attitudes caused a counter-movement at the beginning of the 18th century; one leader was [[Valentin Ernst Löscher]], [[superintendent (ecclesiastical)|superintendent]] at Dresden.

[[File:Mose Lambsen fparm.jpg|thumb|Title page of the 1743 ''Mose och Lambsens wisor''. This edition had 136 hymns, which were not numbered, although most had instructions as to which melody the text should be sung. For a complete list of hymns, see the Swedish article on ''[[:sv:Mose och Lambsens wisor|Mose och Lambsens wisor]].'' The title is a reference to [[:s:Bible (King James)/Revelation#Chapter 15|Revelation 15]]:3, where those who triumph over the beast sing the songs of Moses and the Lamb.]]