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Pierre Teilhard de Chardin
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===Research in China=== In 1923 he traveled to China with Father [[Émile Licent]], who was in charge of a significant laboratory collaboration between the National Museum of Natural History and [[Marcellin Boule]]'s laboratory in [[Tianjin]]. Licent carried out considerable basic work in connection with Catholic missionaries who accumulated observations of a scientific nature in their spare time. Teilhard wrote several essays, including ''La Messe sur le Monde'' (the ''Mass on the World''), in the [[Ordos Desert]]. In the following year, he continued lecturing at the Catholic Institute and participated in a cycle of conferences for the students of the Engineers' Schools. Two theological essays on [[original sin]] were sent to a theologian at his request on a purely personal basis: * ''Chute, Rédemption et Géocentrie'' (''Fall, Redemption and Geocentry'') (July 1920) * ''Notes sur quelques représentations historiques possibles du Péché originel'' (''Note on Some Possible Historical Representations of Original Sin'') (Works, Tome X, Spring 1922) The Church required him to give up his lecturing at the Catholic Institute in order to continue his geological research in China. Teilhard traveled again to China in April 1926. He would remain there for about twenty years, with many voyages throughout the world. He settled until 1932 in Tianjin with Émile Licent, then in [[Beijing]]. Teilhard made five geological research expeditions in China between 1926 and 1935. They enabled him to establish a general geological map of China. In 1926–27, after a missed campaign in [[Gansu]], Teilhard traveled in the [[Sanggan River|Sanggan River Valley]] near Kalgan ([[Zhangjiakou]]) and made a tour in Eastern [[Mongolia]]. He wrote ''Le Milieu Divin'' (''[[The Divine Milieu]]''). Teilhard prepared the first pages of his main work ''Le Phénomène Humain'' (''[[The Phenomenon of Man]]''). The Holy See refused the Imprimatur for ''Le Milieu Divin'' in 1927. [[File:Illustration of Peking Man (Sinanthropus Pekinen Sis) Wellcome M0001113.jpg|thumb|upright|Sketch of "The Lately Discovered Peking Man" published in ''[[The Sphere (newspaper)|The Sphere]]'']] He joined the ongoing excavations of the [[Peking Man]] Site at [[Zhoukoudian]] as an advisor in 1926 and continued in the role for the [[Cenozoic Research Laboratory]] of the [[China Geological Survey]] following its founding in 1928. Teilhard resided in [[Manchuria]] with Émile Licent, staying in western [[Shanxi]] and northern [[Shaanxi]] with the Chinese paleontologist [[Yang Zhongjian]] and with [[Davidson Black]], Chairman of the China Geological Survey. After a tour in Manchuria in the area of [[Greater Khingan]] with Chinese geologists, Teilhard joined the team of American Expedition Center-Asia in the [[Gobi Desert]], organized in June and July by the [[American Museum of Natural History]] with [[Roy Chapman Andrews]]. Henri Breuil and Teilhard discovered that the [[Peking Man]], the nearest relative of ''[[Anthropopithecus]]'' from [[Java]], was a ''faber'' (worker of stones and controller of fire). Teilhard wrote ''L'Esprit de la Terre'' (''The Spirit of the Earth''). Teilhard took part as a scientist in the [[Croisière Jaune]] (Yellow Cruise) financed by [[André Citroën]] in [[Central Asia]]. Northwest of Beijing in Kalgan, he joined the Chinese group who joined the second part of the team, the [[Pamir Mountains|Pamir]] group, in [[Aksu City]]. He remained with his colleagues for several months in [[Ürümqi]], capital of [[Xinjiang]]. In 1933, Rome ordered him to give up his post in Paris. Teilhard subsequently undertook several explorations in the south of China. He traveled in the valleys of the [[Yangtze]] and [[Sichuan]] in 1934, then, the following year, in [[Guangxi]] and [[Guangdong]]. During all these years, Teilhard contributed considerably to the constitution of an international network of research in human paleontology related to the whole of eastern and southeastern Asia. He would be particularly associated in this task with two friends, [[Davidson Black]] and the [[Scottish people|Scot]] [[George Brown Barbour]]. Often he would visit France or the United States, only to leave these countries for further expeditions.
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