Editing Phylogenetic tree (section)

== Special tree types ==

=== Dendrogram ===
A [[dendrogram]] is a general name for a tree, whether phylogenetic or not, and hence also for the diagrammatic representation of a phylogenetic tree.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Fox|first1=Emily|title=The dendrogram|url=https://www.coursera.org/learn/ml-clustering-and-retrieval/lecture/MfcBU/the-dendrogram|website=coursea|access-date=28 September 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928060157/https://www.coursera.org/learn/ml-clustering-and-retrieval/lecture/MfcBU/the-dendrogram|archive-date=28 September 2017}}</ref>
[[File:Phylogenetic tree of dogs.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Dendrogram of the phylogeny of some dog breeds]]

=== Cladogram ===
A [[cladogram]] only represents a branching pattern; i.e., its branch lengths do not represent time or relative amount of character change, and its internal nodes do not represent ancestors.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mayr |first=Ernst |date=2009-04-27 |title=Cladistic analysis or cladistic classification? |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1439-0469.1974.tb00160.x |journal=Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=94–128 |doi=10.1111/j.1439-0469.1974.tb00160.x|doi-access=free }}</ref><!--Note that cladograms may be constructed using cladistic methods, or any other type of method -- for example, blind guesswork.-->

=== Phylogram ===
A phylogram is a phylogenetic tree that has branch lengths proportional to the amount of character change.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Antonio |last1=Soares |first2=Ricardo |last2=Râbelo |first3=Alexandre |last3=Delbem |title=Optimization based on phylogram analysis |journal=Expert Systems with Applications |volume=78 |year=2017 |pages=32–50 |issn=0957-4174 |doi=10.1016/j.eswa.2017.02.012}}</ref>

=== Chronogram ===
A chronogram is a phylogenetic tree that explicitly represents time through its branch lengths.<ref name="Santamaria2009">{{Cite journal |last1=Santamaria |first1=R. |last2=Theron |first2=R. |date=2009-05-26 |title=Treevolution: visual analysis of phylogenetic trees |journal=Bioinformatics |volume=25 |issue=15 |pages=1970–1971 |doi=10.1093/bioinformatics/btp333 |pmid=19470585 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
[[File:Phylogenetic chart of Lepidoptera chronogram.svg|thumb |upright=1.35|A chronogram of [[Lepidoptera]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Labandeira |first1=C. C. |last2=Dilcher |first2=D. L. |last3=Davis |first3=D. R. |last4=Wagner |first4=D. L. |date=1994-12-06 |title=Ninety-seven million years of angiosperm-insect association: paleobiological insights into the meaning of coevolution |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=91 |issue=25 |pages=12278–12282 |doi=10.1073/pnas.91.25.12278 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=45420 |pmid=11607501 |bibcode=1994PNAS...9112278L |doi-access=free}}</ref> In this phylogenetic tree type, branch lengths are proportional to geological time.]]

=== Dahlgrenogram ===
A [[Rolf Dahlgren|Dahlgrenogram]] is a diagram representing a cross section of a phylogenetic tree.{{cn|date=June 2024}}

=== Phylogenetic network ===
A [[phylogenetic network]] is not strictly speaking a tree, but rather a more general [[Graph (discrete mathematics)|graph]], or a [[directed acyclic graph]] in the case of rooted networks. They are used to overcome some of the [[#Limitations of phylogenetic analysis|limitations]] inherent to trees.

=== Spindle diagram ===
[[File:Spindle diagram.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|A spindle diagram, showing the evolution of the [[vertebrate]]s at class level, width of spindles indicating number of families. Spindle diagrams are often used in [[evolutionary taxonomy]].]]
A spindle diagram, or bubble diagram, is often called a romerogram, after its popularisation by the American palaeontologist [[Alfred Romer]].<ref name="palaeos">{{cite web |url=http://palaeos.com/systematics/evolutionary/spindle_diagram.html |title=Evolutionary systematics: Spindle Diagrams |date=2014-11-10 |website=Palaeos.com |access-date=2019-11-07 }}</ref>
It represents taxonomic diversity (horizontal width) against [[Geologic time scale|geological time]] (vertical axis) in order to reflect the variation of abundance of various taxa through time.
A spindle diagram is not an evolutionary tree:<ref name="3lbmonkeybrain">{{cite web |url=https://3lbmonkeybrain.blogspot.com/2007/11/trees-bubbles-and-hooves.html |title= Trees, Bubbles, and Hooves |date=2007-11-21 |website=A Three-Pound Monkey Brain — Biology, programming, linguistics, phylogeny, systematics ... |access-date=2019-11-07 }}</ref> the taxonomic spindles obscure the actual relationships of the parent taxon to the daughter taxon<ref name="palaeos"/> and have the disadvantage of involving the [[paraphyly]] of the parental group.<ref name="Podani2019">{{Cite journal|last=Podani|first=János|date=2019-06-01|title=The Coral of Life|journal=Evolutionary Biology|language=en|volume=46|issue=2|pages=123–144|doi=10.1007/s11692-019-09474-w|issn=1934-2845|doi-access=free|bibcode=2019EvBio..46..123P |hdl=10831/46308|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
This type of diagram is no longer used in the form originally proposed.<ref name="Podani2019"/>

=== Coral of life ===
{{Main|Coral of life}}
[[File:The Coral Of Life Prototype.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|The Coral of Life]]
Darwin<ref name="notebook">{{cite book |last1=Darwin |first1=Charles |title=Notebook B. |date=1837 |page=25 }}</ref> also mentioned that the ''coral'' may be a more suitable metaphor than the ''tree''. Indeed, [[Coral of life|phylogenetic corals]] are useful for portraying past and present life, and they have some advantages over trees ([[Anastomosis|anastomoses]] allowed, etc.).<ref name="Podani2019"/>