Editing Phonetics (section)

==== Dorsal ====
Dorsal consonants are those consonants made using the tongue body rather than the tip or blade and are typically produced at the palate, velum or uvula. [[Palatal consonants]] are made using the tongue body against the hard palate on the roof of the mouth. They are frequently contrasted with velar or uvular consonants, though it is rare for a language to contrast all three simultaneously, with [[Jaqaru]] as a possible example of a three-way contrast.{{sfn|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=35}} [[Velar consonants]] are made using the tongue body against the [[Soft palate|velum]]. They are incredibly common cross-linguistically; almost all languages have a velar stop. Because both velars and vowels are made using the tongue body, they are highly affected by [[coarticulation]] with vowels and can be produced as far forward as the hard palate or as far back as the uvula. These variations are typically divided into front, central, and back velars in parallel with the vowel space.{{sfn|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|pp=33–34}} They can be hard to distinguish phonetically from palatal consonants, though are produced slightly behind the area of prototypical palatal consonants.{{sfn|Keating|Lahiri|1993|p=89}} [[Uvular consonants]] are made by the tongue body contacting or approaching the uvula. They are rare, occurring in an estimated 19 percent of languages, and large regions of the Americas and Africa have no languages with uvular consonants. In languages with uvular consonants, stops are most frequent followed by [[continuant]]s (including nasals).{{sfn|Maddieson|2013}}