Editing Philosophy of science (section)

===Values and science===
Values intersect with science in different ways. There are epistemic values that mainly guide the scientific research. The scientific enterprise is embedded in particular culture and values through individual practitioners. Values emerge from science, both as product and process and can be distributed among several cultures in the society. When it comes to the justification of science in the sense of general public participation by single practitioners, science plays the role of a mediator between evaluating the standards and policies of society and its participating individuals, wherefore science indeed falls victim to vandalism and sabotage adapting the means to the end.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rosenstock|first1=Linda|last2=Lee|first2=Lore Jackson|date=January 2002|title=Attacks on Science: The Risks to Evidence-Based Policy|journal=American Journal of Public Health|volume=92|issue=1|pages=14–18|doi=10.2105/ajph.92.1.14|issn=0090-0036|pmc=1447376|pmid=11772749}}</ref>

[[File:Thomas-kuhn-portrait.png|thumb|upright|Thomas Kuhn is credited with coining the term "[[paradigm shift]]" to describe the creation and evolution of scientific theories.]]
If it is unclear what counts as science, how the process of confirming theories works, and what the purpose of science is, there is considerable scope for values and other social influences to shape science. Indeed, [[Value (personal and cultural)|values]] can play a role ranging from determining which research gets funded to influencing which theories achieve scientific consensus.<ref name="StanSocial">{{cite web|url = http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scientific-knowledge-social/|title = The Social Dimensions of Scientific Knowledge|access-date = 2014-03-06|last1 = Longino|first1 = Helen|year = 2013|website = Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140326140904/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scientific-knowledge-social/|archive-date = 2014-03-26|url-status = live}}</ref> For example, in the 19th century, cultural values held by scientists about race shaped research on [[evolution]], and values concerning [[social class]] influenced debates on [[phrenology]] (considered scientific at the time).<ref>Douglas Allchin, "Values in Science and in Science Education," in International Handbook of Science Education, B.J. Fraser and K.G. Tobin (eds.), 2:1083–1092, Kluwer Academic Publishers (1988).</ref> [[Feminist epistemology|Feminist philosophers of science]], sociologists of science, and others explore how social values affect science.