Editing Philip II of Spain (section)

===Strait of Magellan===
{{further|Spanish colonization attempt of the Strait of Magellan}}
[[File:Philip II of Spain armor DSC02246.JPG|left|thumb|200px|Armour of Philip II]]
During Philip's reign Spain considered the [[Pacific Ocean]] a ''[[mare clausum]]''—a sea closed to other naval powers— as the only known entrance from the Atlantic, the [[Strait of Magellan]] was at times patrolled by fleets sent to prevent entrance of non-Spanish ships.<ref name="lytle">{{Citation
| last  = Lytle Schurz
| first = William
| title = The Spanish Lake
| journal = The Hispanic American Historical Review
| volume  = 5
| issue   = 2
| year    = 1922
| pages   = 181–194
| doi = 10.1215/00182168-5.2.181
| jstor     = 2506024
| doi-access= free
}}</ref>

To end navigation by rival powers in the Strait of Magellan Spanish viceroy [[Francisco de Toledo]] ordered [[Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa]] to explore the strait and found settlements on its shores.<ref name="MCLEstrecho">{{Cite journal| url   =http://www.memoriachilena.cl/602/w3-article-641.html
| title = Navegantes europeos en el estrecho de Magallanes
| journal  = Memoria Chilena
| publisher  = [[Biblioteca Nacional de Chile]]
| access-date = 30 September 2014
| language = es
}}</ref>{{page needed|date=March 2025}}

In 1584, Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa founded two colonies in the strait: [[Nombre de Jesús (Patagonia)|Nombre de Jesús]], and [[Puerto del Hambre|Ciudad del Rey Don Felipe]]. The latter was established north of the strait with 300 settlers.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.artehistoria.jcyl.es/cronicas/contextos/10105.htm|title=Relación y derrotero del viaje y descubrimiento del Estrecho de la Madre de Dios – antes llamado de Magallanes|language=es|quote=Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa, según Amancio Landín, uno de sus más reputados biógrafos, nació en Pontevedra, hacia 1532. Julio Guillén—el marino-académico—, por su parte, dice que es posible fuera Colegial Mayor en la Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, ciudad que fue—asegura—cuna del gran marino español. Este, no ha dejado aclarada la duda sobre su origen geográfico, pues afirmó ser natural de ambos lugares.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922103737/http://www.artehistoria.jcyl.es/cronicas/contextos/10105.htm|archive-date=22 September 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{page needed|date=March 2025}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Sarmiento de Gamboa |first=Pedro |others=Translated by Clements R. Markham |title=Narratives of the Voyages of Pedro De Gamboa to the Straits of Magellan |location=London |publisher=Hakluyt Society |year=1895 |url=https://archive.org/details/narrativesofvoya00sarm }}</ref>{{page needed|date=March 2025}} The new colonies suffered from high death rates, likely as a consequence of executions, brawls, violent encounters with indigenous peoples and diseases which were rife.{{sfn|Martinic|1977|p=119}} A contributing cause for failure of the settlement may have been poor morale, an issue that plagued the venture almost from the beginning.{{Sfn|Martinic|1977|p=119}} This can in part be explained by a series of difficulties the expedition had to go through between the departure from Spain and the arrival to the strait.{{sfn|Martinic|1977|p=119}} Philip II's inaction despite repeated pleas by Sarmiento to aid the ailing colony has been attributed to the strain on Spain's resources that resulted from wars with England and Dutch rebels.{{sfn|Martinic|1977|p=121}}

In 1587, English corsairs renamed Ciudad del Rey Don Felipe, Puerto del Hambre, or "Port Famine". Most of the settlers had died from cold or starvation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blogpatagonia.australis.com/history-strait-of-magellan/|title=History of the Strait of Magellan|access-date=25 October 2019|date=7 April 2017}}</ref> When Sir [[Thomas Cavendish]] landed at the site of Rey Don Felipe in 1587, he found only ruins of the settlement.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wilson |first=Derek |title=A Brief History of Circumnavigators |date=2013 |publisher=Little, Brown Book Group |isbn=978-1-4721-1329-0 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XDGeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT40 |language=en |chapter=3. The Triumph of Desire}}</ref>{{page needed|date=March 2025}} The Spanish failure at colonizing the Strait of Magellan caused [[Chiloé Archipelago]] to assume the role of protecting western Patagonia from foreign intrusions.<ref name=Urbina2013>{{cite journal |last=Urbina C. |first=M. Ximena |date=2013 |title=Expediciones a las costas de la Patagonia Occidental en el periodo colonial |language=es |journal=[[Magallania]] |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=51–84 |doi= 10.4067/S0718-22442013000200002|doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Valdivia]] and Chiloé acted as sentries, being hubs where the Spanish collected intelligence from all over Patagonia.<ref name=Urbina2017>{{cite journal |last=Urbina C. |first=María Ximena |date=2017 |title=La expedición de John Narborough a Chile, 1670: Defensa de Valdivia, rumeros de indios, informaciones de los prisioneros y la creencia en la Ciudad de los Césares |trans-title=John Narborough expedition to Chile, 1670: Defense of Valdivia, indian rumors, information on prisoners, and the belief in the City of the Césares |journal=[[Magallania]] |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=11–36 |doi=10.4067/S0718-22442017000200011 |doi-access=free }}</ref>