Editing Peranakan Chinese (section)

==Culture==
{{More citations needed|section|date=March 2022}}

===Clothing===
[[File:WLANL - mchangsp - Vitrine Baba Nonya (1).jpg|thumb|upright|left|''[[Kebaya]] Nyonya'' or ''Kebaya Encim'', a traditional Peranakan attire.]]

The Peranakan retained most of their ethnic and religious origins (such as ancestor worship), but assimilated the language and culture of the Malays.
The Nyonya's clothing, Baju Panjang (Long Dress) was adapted from the native Malay's Baju Kurung. It is worn with a [[batik]] [[sarong]] (batik wrap-around skirt) and three kerosang (brooches). [[Peranakan beaded slippers]] called ''Kasot Manek'' were hand-made with much skill and patience: strung, beaded and sewn onto canvas with tiny faceted glass cut beads (known as ''[[Peranakan cut beads|Manek Potong]]'') similar to ones from [[Bohemia]] (present-day [[Czech Republic]]).

Traditional ''kasot manek'' design often have European floral subjects, with colours influenced by Peranakan porcelain and batik sarongs. They were made into flats or bedroom slippers. But from the 1930s, modern shapes became popular and heels were gradually added.

In Indonesia, the Peranakans develop their own [[kebaya]], most notably ''kebaya encim'', derived from the name ''encim'' or ''enci'' to refer to a married Chinese woman.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Agnes Swetta Pandia |last2=Nina Susilo |date=13 January 2013 |title=Tantangan Bisnis Kebaya Encim |url=http://female.kompas.com/read/2013/01/13/10574438/Tantangan.Bisnis.Kebaya.Encim |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116064114/http://female.kompas.com/read/2013/01/13/10574438/Tantangan.Bisnis.Kebaya.Encim |archive-date=16 January 2013 |access-date=19 January 2013 |website=Female Kompas.com |language=id}}</ref> ''Kebaya encim'' was commonly worn by Chinese ladies in Javan coastal cities with significant Chinese settlements, such as [[Semarang]], Lasem, Tuban, [[Surabaya]], [[Pekalongan]] and [[Cirebon]]. It marked differently from Javanese kebaya with its smaller and finer embroidery, lighter fabrics and more vibrant colours. They also developed their own batik patterns, which incorporate symbols from China. The ''kebaya encim'' fit well with vibrant-coloured kain [[Batik#Pesisir Batik (Coastal Batik)|batik pesisiran]] (Javan coastal batik), which incorporated symbols and motives from China; such as dragon, phoenix, peony and lotus. For the Baba they will wear baju lokchuan (which is the Chinese men's full costume) but the younger generation they will wear just the top of it which is the long-sleeved silk jacket with Chinese collar or the batik shirt.

===Religion===
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Schilderingen in het voorportaal van de Chinese tempel te Makassar. TMnr 60008243.jpg|thumb|A Chinese temple in [[Makassar]], [[Dutch East Indies]] (present-day Indonesia) c. 1900 – 1920.]]

Most Peranakans generally subscribed to Chinese beliefs systems such as [[Taoism]], [[Confucianism]] and [[Han Buddhism]], and even [[Roman Catholic|Roman Christianity]] nowadays. Just like the Chinese, the Peranakans also celebrate [[Chinese New Year]], [[Lantern Festival]] and other [[List of observances set by the Chinese calendar|Chinese festivals]], while adopting the customs of the land they settled in, as well as those of their colonial rulers. There are traces of [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]], [[Dutch people|Dutch]], [[British people|British]], [[Malay people|Malay]] and [[Indonesian people|Indonesian]] influences in Peranakan culture.<ref name="google"/>

Just like in any other cultures, the Peranakans still believe in ''pantang larang'' (meaning [[taboos]]) especially among the older generations. In some cases, quite a number the Peranakan's ''pantang larang'' are deemed too strict and complex. But today, most Peranakans no longer practice complex ''pantang larang'' to keep up with the modern times.

====Christianity====
[[File:The Chapel, Sculpture Square, Singapore - 20101020-04.JPG|thumb|left|The [[Kampong Kapor Methodist Church]], Singapore.]]
A significant number of the modern Peranakan community have embraced [[Christianity]], most notably in Indonesia.

In 2019, a new branch of Singapore-specific Peranakan intermarriages were found to exist within the early Roman Catholic Church starting from 1834. This early church was set up by French missionaries (Mission Enstrangeres de Paris Order) in 1832 on Bras Basah Road, on the grounds  of the present day Singapore Art Museum. Approximately 26 intermarriages between mainly China-born Teochew men and Melaka Serani, Malay, Peranakan Chinese and Indian women, took place under the auspices of this church, between 1834 and the early 1870s. Most, if not all descendants, identify as Teochew Peranakans today.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Marc Sebastian Rerceretnam|title=A History of Immigrant Roman Catholics and Converts in Early Singapore 1832-1945|date=20 August 2021|publisher=Yesteryear Books|isbn=978-0-6452364-0-8|page=160}}</ref>

In Singapore, the [[Kampong Kapor Methodist Church]], founded in 1894 by an Australian missionary, [[Sophia Blackmore]], is considered one of the first Peranakan churches. During its establishment, Sunday service were conducted in [[Baba Malay]] language, and it is still one of the languages being used in their services.

Despite living in Muslim majority countries such as Indonesia and Malaysia, converting to Christianity allows Peranakans to continue eating pork which is a key part of the Peranakan diet.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Jacqueline Knorr|title=Creole Identity in Postcolonial Indonesia|date=15 March 2014|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-78238-269-0|page=150}}</ref> Moreover, Peranakans were traditionally English educated at missionary schools, notably in Penang.

====Islam====
In Indonesia, Peranakan<ref>{{cite book|author1=Jacqueline Knorr|title=Creole Identity in Postcolonial Indonesia|date=15 March 2014|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-78238-269-0|page=71}}</ref>  referred to all Indonesian Chinese who had converted to Islam up until the 19th century. This indicated the importance of Islamic identity as a "criterion of indigenization." Later, Peranakan referred to all Indonesian Chinese born in the country, including those of descendants of mixed race unions.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Jacqueline Knorr|title=Creole Identity in Postcolonial Indonesia|date=15 March 2014|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-78238-269-0|page=135}}</ref> Large numbers of Peranakans, many from [[Fujian]] having prior experience with foreign Muslims who had a dominant position in that provinces most important seaport, adopted Islam in Java, strongly Muslim areas of Indonesia,<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Reid|editor1-first=Anthony|editor2-last=Alilunas-Rodgers|editor2-first=Kristine|title=Sojourners and Settlers: Histories of Southeast China and the Chinese|year=1996|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-2446-4|page=74|edition=illustrated, reprint}}</ref> and Malaysia.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Radcliffe|editor1-first=Sarah|title=Culture and Development in a Globalizing World: Geographies, Actors and Paradigms|date=27 September 2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-27458-1|pages=141–2|quote=A large number of Chinese settlers were converted to Islam. Having come largely from Fujian, they not only found it advantageous to adopt the predominant religion of the Javanese port towns, but in fact were familiar with the role of Islam in Fujian's trade. In [[Quanzhou]], Fujian's most important seaport by the late thirteenth century, both trade and administration were dominated by foreign Muslims and an Islamic diaspora promoted trade with the rest of Asia.}}</ref> As in the case of the Peranakans in [[Cirebon]], this conversion process occurred over several centuries<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Tan|editor1-first=Chee-Beng|title=Routledge Handbook of the Chinese Diaspora|date=11 February 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-23096-7|page=348}}</ref> and was even recorded before the Dutch seized [[Jakarta]].<ref name="Berghahn Books">{{cite book|author1=Jacqueline Knorr|title=Creole Identity in Postcolonial Indonesia|date=15 March 2014|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-78238-269-0|page=137}}</ref> Many of these Peranakans in Indonesia who converted to Islam would marry into aristocratic dynasties.<ref name="Berghahn Books"/> One organisation of Indonesian Peranakan Muslims is the ''Persatuan Islam Tionghoa Indonesia'' (Association of Indonesian Chinese Muslims), which was formed in 1936 in [[Medan]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Leo Suryadinata|title=Prominent Indonesian Chinese: Biographical Sketches|year=1995|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=978-981-3055-03-2|page=256}}</ref> Some prominent Peranakan Muslims include the Indonesians Junus Jahja,<ref>{{cite book|author1=Leo Suryadinata|title=Prominent Indonesian Chinese: Biographical Sketches|year=1995|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=978-981-3055-03-2|page=46}}</ref> Abdul Karim Oei Tjeng Hien<ref>{{cite book|author1=Leo Suryadinata|title=Prominent Indonesian Chinese: Biographical Sketches|year=1995|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=978-981-3055-03-2|pages=51–2}}</ref> and Tjio Wie Tay<ref>{{cite book|author1=Leo Suryadinata|title=Prominent Indonesian Chinese: Biographical Sketches|year=1995|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=978-981-3055-03-2|pages=105–6}}</ref> and from [[Patani (historical region)|Pattani]], the Peranakan convert to Islam, Datu Seri Nara, who according to Wybrand of Warwijck was the most important commercial and military figure in [[Patani (historical region)|Pattani]] in 1602.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Montesano|editor1-first=Michael John|editor2-last=Jory|editor2-first=Patrick|title=Thai South and Malay North: Ethnic Interactions on the Plural Peninsula|year=2008|publisher=NUS Press|isbn=978-9971-69-411-1|page=35|edition=reprint}}</ref>

===Food===
{{main|Peranakan cuisine}}
[[File:Buahkeluak.JPG|thumb|left|''[[Ayam buah keluak]]'', a traditional Peranakan dish.]]

Due to the culture of Nyonya and Babas is merged between Malay and Chinese and influence by Indonesia. Malacca was once the world's merchant gathering point enabling the birth of Baba and Nyonya ethnic group. Therefore, the Nyonya food can be summarized as "Malay Archipelago Delicacies of Nanyang Cuisine".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jacky Liew |title=Truly Nyonya Malacca |year=2010 |publisher=Seashore |location=Malaysia |isbn=9789675413247 |page=18 |url=https://www.nlb.gov.sg/biblio/13558575 |access-date=18 June 2020|author1-link= Jacky Liew}}</ref>

From the Malay influence, a unique [[Peranakan cuisine|"Nyonya" cuisine]] has developed using typical Malay spices. Examples are ''chicken kapitan'', a dry chicken [[curry]] and ''inchi kabin'', a Nyonya version of fried chicken. ''Pindang bandeng'' is a common fish soup served in Indonesia during the Chinese New Year and so is a white round [[mooncake]] from [[Tangerang]] which is normally used during the [[Mid-Autumn Festival|Autumn Festival]]. ''[[Swikee|Swikee purwodadi]]'' is a Peranakan dish from [[Purwodadi Grobogan|Purwodadi]], a frog soup dish.

''Nyonya [[laksa]]'' is a very popular dish in Malacca, [[Malaysia]] while another variant called ''asam laksa'' is famous in Penang, Malaysia. ''Pongteh'' is also another popular and savoury dish of the Malaccan Peranakan community. The main ingredient is onion, black mushroom (optional), chicken (at times pork is used instead of chicken, hence it's called ''babi pongteh'') and fermented bean sauce. The Malaccan Nyonyas are well known for this dish.

Other dishes from the east coast of [[Peninsular Malaysia]] Peranakans in [[Kelantan]] include ''telur kesum'', ''ayam kerabu'' and ''khau jam'' are influenced by [[Chinese cuisine|Chinese]], [[Malay cuisine|Malay]] and [[Thai cuisine|Thai]] cuisine. While in [[Terengganu]], popular Peranakan foods are such as the local version of crab cake, ''ayam pachok'' which resembles satay with a stronger flavour, fish in spicy tamarind sauce and slow-cooked chicken with palm sugar.<ref name="STperanakanganu">{{cite web |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/the-peranakans-of-terengganu |title=The Peranakans of Terengganu |publisher=Straits Times Singapore |date=2 February 2015 |access-date=26 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810224520/http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/the-peranakans-of-terengganu |archive-date=10 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Besides that, Peranakans of Malacca are also well known for a wide variety of traditional cakes ([[Kuih|''kueh'']] or ''[[kue]]'') such as ''lepak kacang'', ''[[Red tortoise cake|ang ku kue]]'' (a black variant is called ''kueh ku hitam''), [[Pineapple tart|''kueh tae'' or ''nastar'']], ''Nyonya [[Zongzi|bak chang]]'', [[Apam balik|''apom balik'']] (Peranakan's version closely resembles Indonesian's ''[[serabi]]''), ''kueh bakol'', ''[[Tapai|tapae]]'', [[Kue kochi|''kueh kochi'']], ''kueh bongkong'', ''[[rempah udang]]'', ''pulot enti'', ''[[Kuih sepit|kueh gulong]]'' (another variant is ''[[Kuih sepit|kueh kapit]]''), ''kueh bolu'', ''galeng galoh'' (also known as ''[[kue seri muka|seri muka]]''), ''kueh bangket'' and many more. Traditional [[kueh]] (or [[kue]]) are sometimes made in conjunction with festivals that the Peranakans celebrate. For example, ''kueh genggang'' (also commonly known as ''kueh lapis''), is a type of multi layered cake, most often eaten during Chinese New Year to symbolise a ladder of continued prosperity.

A small number of restaurants serving Nyonya food can be found in Penang and Malacca in Malaysia; and Jakarta, Semarang and Surabaya in Indonesia.

===Marriage===
[[File:Anonymous photograph of a Peranakan bride and groom dated 30 May 1939, The Intan, Singapore.jpg|thumb|upright|A Straits Peranakan bride and groom dated 30 May 1939.]]

It was not uncommon for early Chinese traders to take Malay women from Peninsular Malaya or Sumatra as wives or concubines.<ref name="google"/> Consequently, the Baba Nyonya display a mix of Sino-Malay cultural traits.<ref name="google"/>

Written records from the 19th and early 20th centuries show that ''Peranakan'' men usually took brides from within the local ''Peranakan'' community. Peranakan families occasionally imported brides from China and sent their daughters to China to find husbands.

Marriages within the community and of similar stature were the norm during that time. Wealthy men prefigured to marry a ''chin choay'': or matrilocal marriage where husband moved in with the wife's family.<ref name="google"/>

Proposals of marriage were made by a gift of a ''pinangan'', in a 2-tiered lacquered basket known as ''Bakul Siah'' in Malaysia or ''Tenong Keranjang'' in Indonesia, to the intended bride's parents brought by a go-between who speaks on behalf of the suitor. There are rare cases where wealthy Peranakans in the past used highly decorative glided pagoda trays (''Botekan Candi'' in Indonesian) instead of the ''Bakul Siah'' or ''Tenong Keranjang''. Most Peranakans have retained the [[Chinese ancestral worship|traditions of ancestor worship of the Chinese]], though some have converted to [[Christianity]] and [[Islam]].

The wedding ceremony of the Peranakan is largely based on Chinese tradition, and is one of the most colourful wedding ceremonies in Malaysia. At Malacca weddings, the ''Dondang Sayang'', a form of extempore rhyming song in Malay sung and danced by guests at the wedding party, was a highlight. Someone would begin a romantic theme which was carried on by others, each taking the floor in turn, dancing in slow gyrations as they sang. It required quick wit and repartee and often gave rise to laughter and applause when a particularly clever phrase was sung. The melodic accents of the Baba-Nonya and their particular turns of phrase lead to the charm of this performance.

The important wedding rites had to be commenced on auspicious days at specific times, according to the ''pek ji'', the eight Chinese characters annotating one's birth date and time. At these rites, ''pantangs'' (taboos) were carefully observed – the wedding rituals had to be legitimised and witnessed by elders, deities and ancestors. Marriages were typically match-made. Parents and elders made the final decision, but the potential bride and bridegroom were also consulted in the process. Wedding items commonly utilised the prosperous colours of red, pink, orange, yellow and gold and were embellished with special motifs to ensure a good marriage. Similar to the Chinese, Peranakans believed that good things always come in pairs, therefore many wedding items came in pairs.

===Museums===
[[File:Pinang Peranakan Mansion.JPG|thumb|left|[[Pinang Peranakan Mansion]], stately mansion built at the end of the 19th century, residence and office of Kapitan Cina [[Chung Keng Quee]].]]

Historical and cultural items from the Peranakan culture are displayed in [[Baba Nyonya Heritage Museum]], [[Straits Chinese Jewellery Museum]] and other cultural establishments on Heeren Street, [[Jonker Walk|Jonker Street]] and other streets in the same neighbourhood in Malacca; the [[Pinang Peranakan Mansion]] in Penang, Malaysia; and at the [[Peranakan Museum]], [[Baba House]] and the Intan Museum in [[Singapore]]. Furniture, food, and even traditional clothes of the Baba and Nyonya are exhibited. Free weekly street shows featuring Baba performances, and traditional and pop Chinese cultural performances are found in Jonker Street in Malacca. The shows are part of the night market scene, and are usually crowded with shoppers, both local and foreign.

On 11 November 2011, [[Benteng Heritage Museum]] in [[Tangerang]], near Jakarta is opened to display mainly about [[Benteng Chinese]] uses an old genuine traditional Chinese Peranakan house. And in August 2013, the ''[[Museum Peranakan Indonesia]]'' was officially opened by the ''[[Yayasan Budaya Tionghoa Indonesia]]''. The museum is located at the [[Cheng Ho Museum]], next to the Hakka Museum, at the pavilion of [[Taman Budaya Tionghoa Indonesia]], [[Taman Mini Indonesia Indah]] in Jakarta.

Other Peranakan cultural collections such as batik and bead works can also be found in museums outside of [[South East Asia]]. [[Honolulu Museum of Art]] and [[Australian Museum]] are known to exhibit such collections. {{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

Apart from that, exhibition of Peranakan Chitty history, antiques and culture can be seen at the Chitty Museum in Kampung Chitty, Malacca, Malaysia. In 2013, there were controversies of development at the expense of demolishing part of Kampung Chitty, a historical and cultural village.<ref name="Peranakan Chitty">{{cite news |url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/now-development-threatens-historical-site-in-malacca |title=Now, development threatens historical site in Malacca |newspaper=The Malaysian Insider |access-date=14 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221113723/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/now-development-threatens-historical-site-in-malacca |archive-date=21 February 2014 }}</ref> A proposal to construct a condominium, a hotel and a road cutting through the village are seen as a threat affecting the residents and a temple built in 1827.<ref name="Kampung Chitty">{{cite news |url=http://my.news.yahoo.com/39-road-kg-chitty-could-destroy-homes-39-043200736.html |title=Road through Kg Chitty could destroy homes |work=Yahoo! News |access-date=14 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302014551/http://my.news.yahoo.com/39-road-kg-chitty-could-destroy-homes-39-043200736.html |archive-date=2 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In Kelantan, the {{Lang|ms|Persatuan Peranakan Cina Kelantan}} or the Kelantan Chinese Peranakan Association (abbreviated as PPCK) have opened a gallery which provides visitors with various insights into the Kelantanese Chinese Peranakan culture.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijayan |first=Sheela |date=27 November 2023 |title=Learn all about the Peranakan Chinese in Kelantan |work=[[Free Malaysia Today]] |url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/leisure/2023/11/27/learn-all-about-the-peranakan-chinese-in-kelantan/ |access-date=4 December 2023}}</ref>

===Political affinity===
[[File:StraitsChinese Pottery Phoenix.JPG|thumb|Multichrome Modern Chinese-made replica enamel porcelain tea tray with a traditional Peranakan "fenghuang".]]

Many Peranakan were active in trade and considered supportive of continued European rule in Malaysia and Indonesia.<ref name="google"/> Peranakans often played the role of middleman of the British and the Chinese, or the Chinese and Malays, because they were mostly English educated and spoke Malay more fluently than newer Chinese immigrants. {{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

By the middle of the twentieth century, most Peranakan were English or Dutch-educated at Western-style institutions. Peranakans readily embraced [[Western culture]] and education as a means to advance economically thus administrative and civil service posts were often filled by prominent Straits Chinese. Many in the community chose to convert to Christianity due to its perceived prestige and proximity to the preferred company of British and Dutch officials.<ref name="google"/>

The Peranakan community thereby became very influential in Malacca and [[Singapore]] and were known also as the '''King's Chinese''' due to their loyalty to the British Crown. Because of their interaction with different cultures and languages, most Peranakans were (and still are) trilingual, being able to converse in Chinese, Malay, and English. {{citation needed|date=November 2021}} Common vocations were as merchants, traders, and general intermediaries between China, Malaya and the West; the latter were especially valued by the British and Dutch. {{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

Things started to change in the first half of the 20th century, with some Peranakans starting to support Malaysian and Indonesian independence.
In Indonesia three Chinese communities started to merge and become active in the political scene. {{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

They were also among the pioneers of Indonesian newspapers. In their fledgling publishing companies, they published their own political ideas along with contributions from other Indonesian writers. In November 1928, the Chinese weekly Sin Po ({{zh|links=no|t= 新報|p= xīn bào}}) was the first paper to openly publish the text of the national anthem ''Indonesia Raya''. On occasion, those involved in such activities ran a concrete risk of imprisonment or even of their lives, as the Dutch colonial authorities banned nationalistic publications and activities. {{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

Chinese were active in supporting the independence movement during the 1940s Japanese occupation, when the all but the so-called "Overseas Chinese Association", or residents of Chinese ancestry ({{zh|links=no|t=華僑中會|p=Huáqiáo Zhōnghuì}}) were banned by the Japanese military authorities. Some notable pro-independence activists were [[Siauw Giok Tjhan]], [[Liem Koen Hian]], and [[Yap Tjwan Bing]], a member of ''[[Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia]]'', who in the 1960s became a citizen of the United States.

=== Chinese cultural Influence on Southeast Asian Muslims ===
Muslim Southeast Asians adopted Chinese symbols like the colour yellow for royals, including Malays, Javanese and Moros.

One Dutch mentioned "yellow Chinese belts which only the Javanese will buy."<ref>{{cite book |last=Ma |first=Debin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x6xBDgAAQBAJ&dq=%22yellow+Chinese+belts+which+only+the+Javanese+will+buy.%22&pg=PA242 |title=Textiles in the Pacific, 1500–1900 |date=2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-89561-3 |edition=reprint |series=The Pacific World: Lands, Peoples and History of the Pacific, 1500-1900 |location= |page=242}}</ref>

Malays and Dayaks in Borneo did not use milk or dairy probably due to Chinese influence.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Scott |first=Mrs. Samuel Bryan |year=1913 |title=Mohammedanism in Borneo: Notes for a Study of the Local Modifications of Islam and the Extent of its Influence on the native Tribes |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.104346/2015.104346.Journal-Of-The-American-Oriental-Society-Vol33_djvu.txt |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |location=Philadelphia, Pa. |volume=33 |page=330 |doi=10.2307/592838 |jstor=592838}}</ref>

Malays adopted the [[Chinese zodiac#Asian|Chinese zodiac]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Farouk Yahya |title=Malay Magic and Divination in Illuminated Manuscripts |publisher=Brill |year=2015 |isbn=978-90-04-30172-6 |pages=296–306 |chapter=Glossary |chapter-url=https://brill.com/view/book/9789004301726/B9789004301726-s011.xml}}</ref> The [[Dragon (zodiac)|Dragon]] (''Loong'') is normally equated with the [[nāga]] but it is sometimes called Big Snake (''ular besar'') while the [[Snake (zodiac)|Snake sign]] is called Second Snake (''ular sani''). This is also recorded in a 19th-century manuscript compiled by [[John Leyden]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Leyden |first=John |url=http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Viewer.aspx?ref=or_15936_fs001r |title=Notes and vocabularies in Malay, Thai, Burmese and other minor languages |publisher=[[The British Library]] |page=104 |chapter=Cycle of years used by the Malays |author-link=John Leyden |access-date=16 June 2022 |chapter-url=http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Viewer.aspx?ref=or_15936_f103v |via=Digitised Manuscripts}}</ref>