Editing Perak (section)

=== Malaysia ===
{{main|Malaysia Agreement|Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation}}
In 1961, the Prime Minister of the Federation of Malaya, [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]], sought to unite Malaya with the British colonies of [[Crown Colony of North Borneo|North Borneo]], [[Crown Colony of Sarawak|Sarawak]], and [[Crown Colony of Singapore|Singapore]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Politics, Security and Early Ideas of 'Greater Malaysia', 1945-1961|author1=Joseph M. Fernando|author2=Shanthiah Rajagopal|journal=Archipel|year=2017|volume=94|issue=94|pages=97–119|doi=10.4000/archipel.445|s2cid=158625010 |url=http://journals.openedition.org/archipel/445}}</ref> The [[Malaysia|Federation of Malaysia]] came into being on 16 September 1963, despite growing opposition from the governments of [[Indonesia]] and the [[Philippines]], and from communist sympathisers and nationalists in Borneo.<ref>{{cite book|author1=United States. Dept. of State. International Information Administration. Documentary Studies Section|author2=United States Information Agency. Special Materials Section|author3=United States. International Communication Agency|title=Problems of Communism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AY4qAQAAMAAJ|year=1964|publisher=Special Materials Section, United States Information Agency}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Ramses Amer|title=Conflict Management and Dispute Settlement in East Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eEg3DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA52|date=23 May 2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-16216-2|pages=52–}}</ref> The Indonesian government later initiated a "policy of [[Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation|confrontation]]" against the new state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/126b6b07-f796-4b4c-b658-938001e3213e|title=Indonesia announces Konfrontasi (Confrontation) [19 January 1963]|publisher=National Library Board, Singapore|access-date=4 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630081038/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/90e4ea74-e949-4269-a522-d0cca976b432|archive-date=30 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> This prompted the British, and their allies [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]], to deploy armed forces, although no skirmishes arising from the Indonesian attacks occurred around Perak.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1300&dat=19640907&id=MUBVAAAAIBAJ&pg=6843,1157289|title=Aggression Must be Deterred|newspaper=The Age|date=7 September 1964|access-date=4 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/war/confrontation-in-borneo|title=Confrontation in Borneo|work=NZ History|publisher=Government of New Zealand|access-date=4 October 2019}}</ref> A [[Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)|second communist insurgency]] began in the Malay Peninsula in 1968. This affected Perak mainly through attacks from Hulu Perak by the communist insurgents who had previously retreated to the Thai border.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ong Weichong|title=Malaysia's Defeat of Armed Communism: The Second Emergency, 1968-1989|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TV-vBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA66|date=3 October 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-62689-3|pages=66–}}</ref> The Perak State Information Office launched two types of [[psychological warfare]] to counter the increasing [[communist propaganda]] disseminated from the insurgents' hide-out. The campaign against the second insurgency was carried out as two separate efforts, because communist activities in Perak were split into two factions. One faction involved infiltrators from across the Thai border; the other was a communist group living among local inhabitants.<ref>{{cite book|title=Translations on South and East Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RG6-tPM-E0kC&pg=PT161|publisher=Joint Publications Research Service|pages=161–}}</ref>

With the end of British rule in Malaya and the subsequent formation of the Federation of Malaysia, new factories were built and many new suburbs developed in Perak. But there was also rising [[radicalisation|radicalism]] among local Malay Muslims, with increasing [[Islamisation]] initiated by several religious organisations, and by Islamic preachers and intellectuals who caught the interest of both Malay royalty and commoners.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Hussin Mutalib |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pDzqZoWS1soC&pg=PR10 |title=Islam in Malaysia: From Revivalism to Islamic State? |author2=Ee Heok Kua |publisher=NUS Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-9971-69-180-6 |pages=10– |author-link2=Kua Ee Heok}}</ref> Good relations with the country's rulers resulted in Islamic scholars being appointed as palace officers and dignitaries, teachers, and religious judges, contributing to the further spread of Islam. Islam is now seen as a major factor that shaped current attitudes towards standing up for Malay rights.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.iseas.edu.sg/images/pdf/ISEAS_Perspective_2016_39.pdf|title=Exclusivist Attitudes in Malaysian Islam Have Multifarious Roots|author=Norshahril Saat|journal=ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute|year=2016|number=39|issn=2335-6677|pages=735 [1/12]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123002830/https://www.iseas.edu.sg/images/pdf/ISEAS_Perspective_2016_39.pdf|archive-date=23 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>