Editing Penda of Mercia (section)

== Relations with Bernicia; Christianity and Middle Anglia ==
Despite these apparent instances of warfare, relations between Penda and Oswiu were probably not entirely hostile during this period, since Penda's daughter [[Cyneburh]] married [[Alhfrith of Deira|Alhfrith]], Oswiu's son and Penda's son Peada married [[Alhflaed]], Oswiu's daughter. According to Bede, who dates the events to 653, the latter marriage was made contingent upon the [[baptism]] and conversion to Christianity of Peada; Peada accepted this, and the preaching of Christianity began among the Middle Angles, whom he ruled. Bede wrote that Penda tolerated the preaching of Christianity in Mercia itself, despite his own beliefs:

<blockquote>Nor did King Penda obstruct the preaching of the word among his people, the Mercians, if any were willing to hear it; but, on the contrary, he hated and despised those whom he perceived not to perform the works of faith, when they had once received the faith, saying, "They were contemptible and wretched who did not obey their God, in whom they believed." This was begun two years before the death of King Penda.<ref name="fn_63">Bede, B. III, Ch. XXI.<sup>[[#References|7]]</sup></ref></blockquote>

Peada's conversion and the introduction of priests into Middle Anglia could be seen as evidence of Penda's tolerance of Christianity, given the absence of evidence that he sought to interfere.<ref>For an example of this interpretation, see Fisher, p. 66.<sup>[[#References|11]]</sup></ref> On the other hand, an interpretation is also possible whereby the marriage and conversion could be seen as corresponding to a successful attempt on Oswiu's part to expand Bernician influence at Penda's expense; Higham saw Peada's conversion more in terms of political manoeuvring on both sides than religious zeal.<ref>Higham, p. 232.<sup>[[#References|9]]</sup></ref>

Middle Anglia as a political entity may have been created by Penda as an expression of Mercian power in the area following his victories over the East Angles. Previously there seem to have been a number of small peoples inhabiting the region, and Penda's establishment of Peada as a subking there may have marked their initial union under one ruler. The districts corresponding to [[Shropshire]] and [[Herefordshire]], along Mercia's western frontier near Wales, probably also fell under Mercian domination at this time. Here a king called [[Merewalh]] ruled over the [[Magonsaete]]; in later centuries it was said that Merewalh was a son of Penda, but this is considered uncertain. Stenton, for example, considered it likely that Merewalh was a representative of a local dynasty that continued to rule under Mercian domination.<ref>Stenton, p. 47.<sup>[[#References|1]]</sup></ref>