Editing Pedro I of Brazil (section)

=== Constitutional Emperor ===
[[File:Pedro I Imperador 1823 (crop).png|thumb|upright=1|alt=Half-length pencil or silverpoint sketch showing a young man with curly hair and long sideburns facing left who is wearing an elaborate embroidered military tunic with heavy gold epaulets, sash and medals|Profile view of Pedro&nbsp;I at age 25 by [[Debret]], 1823]]
The prince was acclaimed Emperor Dom Pedro&nbsp;I on his 24th birthday, which coincided with the inauguration of the [[Empire of Brazil]] on 12 October. He was [[coronations in the Americas#Brazil|crowned]] on 1 December in what is today known as the [[Old Cathedral of Rio de Janeiro]]. His ascendancy did not immediately extend throughout Brazil's territories. He had to force the submission of several provinces in the [[North Region, Brazil|northern]], [[Northeast Region, Brazil|northeastern]] and [[South Region, Brazil|southern]] regions, and the last Portuguese holdout units only surrendered in early 1824.{{sfn|Viana|1994|pp=420–422}}{{sfn|Barman|1988|pp=104–106}} Meanwhile, Pedro&nbsp;I's relationship with Bonifácio deteriorated.<ref>See:
{{harvnb|Sousa 1972, Vol 1|p=307}},
{{harvnb|Lustosa|2006|p=139}},
{{harvnb|Barman|1988|p=110}}.
</ref> The situation came to a head when Pedro&nbsp;I, on the grounds of inappropriate conduct, dismissed Bonifácio. Bonifácio had used his position to harass, prosecute, arrest and even exile his political enemies.<ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Macaulay|1986|p=148}},
* {{harvnb|Barman|1988|p=101}},
* {{harvnb|Sousa 1972, Vol 2|p=71}}.
</ref> For months Bonifácio's enemies had worked to win over the Emperor. While Pedro&nbsp;I was still Prince Regent, they had given him the title "Perpetual Defender of Brazil" on 13 May 1822.{{sfn|Barman|1988|p=92}} They also inducted him into Freemasonry on 2 August and later made him grand master on 7 October, replacing Bonifácio in that position.<ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Macaulay|1986|pp=121, 129–130}},
* {{harvnb|Barman|1988|pp=100, 272}},
* {{harvnb|Calmon|1950|p=93}}.
</ref>

The crisis between the monarch and his former minister was felt immediately within the [[Brazilian Constituent Assembly (1823)|Constituent and Legislative General Assembly]], which had been elected for the purpose of drafting a Constitution.{{sfn|Macaulay|1986|p=120}} A member of the Constituent Assembly, Bonifácio resorted to demagoguery, alleging the existence of a major Portuguese conspiracy against Brazilian interests—insinuating that Pedro&nbsp;I, who had been born in Portugal, was implicated.{{sfn|Macaulay|1986|pp=153–154}}{{sfn|Barman|1988|p=116}} The Emperor became outraged by the invective directed at the loyalty of citizens who were of Portuguese birth and the hints that he was himself conflicted in his allegiance to Brazil.{{sfn|Barman|1988|p=117}} On 12 November 1823, Pedro&nbsp;I ordered the [[Night of Agony|dissolution of the Constituent Assembly]] and called for new elections.<ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Barman|1988|p=118}},
* {{harvnb|Macaulay|1986|p=157}},
* {{harvnb|Viana|1994|p=429}}.
</ref> On the following day, he placed a newly established native [[Privy council|Council of State]] in charge of composing a constitutional draft. Copies of the draft were sent to all town councils, and the vast majority voted in favor of its instant adoption as the [[Brazilian Constitution of 1824|Constitution of the Empire]].<ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Macaulay|1986|p=162}},
* {{harvnb|Lustosa|2006|p=174}},
* {{harvnb|Sousa 1972, Vol 2|pp=166, 168}},
* {{harvnb|Viana|1994|p=430}},
* {{harvnb|Barman|1988|p=123}}.
</ref>

As a result of the highly centralized State created by the Constitution, rebellious elements in [[Ceará]], [[Paraíba]] and [[Pernambuco]] attempted to secede from Brazil and unite in what became known as the [[Confederation of the Equator]].{{sfn|Macaulay|1986|p=165}}{{sfn|Barman|1988|p=122}} Pedro&nbsp;I unsuccessfully sought to avoid bloodshed by offering to placate the rebels.{{sfn|Macaulay|1986|p=165}}{{sfn|Barman|1988|p=121}} Angry, he said: "What did the insults from Pernambuco require? Surely a punishment, and such a punishment that it will serve as an example for the future."{{sfn|Macaulay|1986|p=165}} The rebels were never able to secure control over their provinces, and were easily suppressed. By late 1824, the rebellion was over.{{sfn|Barman|1988|p=122}}{{sfn|Macaulay|1986|p=166}} Sixteen rebels were tried and executed,{{sfn|Macaulay|1986|p=166}}{{sfn|Barman|1988|p=278}} while all others were pardoned by the Emperor.{{sfn|Viana|1994|p=435}}