Editing Peace of Westphalia (section)

===Territorial adjustments===
[[File:Holy Roman Empire 1648.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|The [[Holy Roman Empire]] in 1648, after the territorial adjustments made by the Peace of Westphalia]]
* France retained the bishoprics of [[Prince-Bishopric of Metz|Metz]], [[Prince-Bishopric of Toul|Toul]] and [[Prince-Bishopric of Verdun|Verdun]] near [[Duchy of Lorraine|Lorraine]], received the cities of the [[Décapole]] in Alsace (except for [[Strasbourg]], the [[Bishopric of Strasbourg]], and [[Mulhouse]]) and the city of [[Pinerolo|Pignerol]] near the Spanish [[Duchy of Milan]].
* Sweden received an [[indemnity]] of five million [[thaler]]s, which it used primarily to pay its troops.<ref>{{cite book|title=Der Westfälische Frieden von 1648: Wende in der Geschichte des Ostseeraums|editor-first=Hans-Joachim|editor-last=Hacker|publisher=Kovač|year=2001|isbn=3-8300-0500-8|first=Klaus-R|last=Böhme|chapter=Die sicherheitspolitische Lage Schwedens nach dem Westfälischen Frieden|language=de|page=35 }}</ref> Sweden further received [[Western Pomerania]] (thenceforth [[Swedish Pomerania]]), [[Wismar]], and the Prince-Bishoprics of [[Archbishopric of Bremen|Bremen]] and [[Prince-Bishopric of Verden|Verden]] as hereditary fiefs, thus gaining a seat and vote in the [[Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)|Imperial Diet]] of the Holy Roman Empire as well as in the [[Upper Saxon Circle|Upper Saxon]], [[Lower Saxon Circle|Lower Saxon]] and [[Lower Rhenish-Westphalian Circle|Westphalian]] circle diets (''[[Kreistag]]e'').{{sfnp|Böhme|2001|p=36}} However, the wording of the treaties was ambiguous:
:*To escape incorporation into Swedish Bremen-Verden, the city of Bremen had claimed [[Imperial immediacy]]. The emperor had granted this request and separated the city from the surrounding Bishopric of Bremen. Sweden launched the [[Swedish Wars on Bremen|Swedish-Bremen wars]] in 1653/54 in a failed attempt to take the city.{{sfnp|Böhme|2001|p=37}}
:*The treaty did not decide the Swedish-[[Electorate of Brandenburg|Brandenburgian]] border in the [[Duchy of Pomerania]]. At Osnabrück, both Sweden and Brandenburg had claimed the whole duchy, which had been [[Treaty of Stettin (1630)|under Swedish control since 1630]] despite [[Treaty of Grimnitz|legal claims of Brandenburgian succession]]. While the parties [[Treaty of Stettin (1653)|settled for a border in 1653]], the [[Brandenburg-Pomeranian conflict|underlying conflict continued]].{{sfnp|Böhme|2001|p=38}}
:*The treaty ruled that the [[Dukes of Mecklenburg]], owing their re-investiture to the Swedes, cede [[Wismar]] and the Mecklenburgian port tolls. While Sweden understood this to include the tolls of all Mecklenburgian ports, the Mecklenburgian dukes as well as the emperor understood this to refer to Wismar only.{{sfnp|Böhme|2001|p=38}}
:*[[Wildeshausen]], a petty exclave of Bremen-Verden and fragile basis for Sweden's seat in the Westphalian circle diet, was also claimed by the [[Bishopric of Münster]].{{sfnp|Böhme|2001|p=38}}
* [[Bavaria]] retained the [[Electoral Palatinate|Palatinate]]'s vote in the [[Electoral College (Holy Roman Empire)|Electoral College]] of the Holy Roman Empire, which it was granted by the imperial ban on the Elector Palatine Frederick V in 1623. The [[Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine|Prince Palatine]], Frederick's son, was given a ''new'', eighth electoral vote.<ref>{{Citation |last=Whaley |first=Joachim |title=Germany and the Holy Roman Empire in 1500 |date=2011-11-24 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198731016.003.0002 |work=Germany and the Holy Roman Empire Volume I: Maximilian I to the Peace of Westphalia, 1493–1648 |pages=623–624 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198731016.003.0002 |isbn=978-0-19-873101-6 |access-date=2022-04-28 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116145853/https://academic.oup.com/book/12604/chapter-abstract/162495174?redirectedFrom=fulltext |url-status=live }}</ref>
* The Palatinate was divided between the re-established [[Karl I Ludwig, Elector Palatine|Elector Palatine Charles Louis]] (son and heir of [[Frederick V, Elector Palatine|Frederick V]]) and [[Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria|Elector-Duke Maximilian of Bavaria]], and thus between the [[Protestant]]s and [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholics]]. Charles Louis obtained the [[Lower Palatinate]], along the Rhine, while Maximilian kept the [[Upper Palatinate]], to the north of Bavaria.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Palatinate {{!}} Germany, Definition, Map, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Palatinate |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Brandenburg-Prussia]] received [[Farther Pomerania]], and the Bishoprics of [[Archbishopric of Magdeburg|Magdeburg]], [[Bishopric of Halberstadt|Halberstadt]], [[Bishopric of Kammin|Kammin]], and [[Bishopric of Minden|Minden]].
* The [[Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück]] would alternate between Catholic and Lutheran bishops, with the Protestant bishops chosen from the [[Cadet (genealogy)|cadets]] of the [[House of Hanover|House of Brunswick-Lüneburg]].
* The [[Old Swiss Confederacy|Swiss Confederacy]] attained legal independence from the [[Holy Roman Empire]], although it had been de facto independent since the [[Treaty of Basel (1499)]].
* Barriers to trade and commerce erected during the war were abolished, and "a degree" of free navigation was guaranteed on the [[Rhine]].<ref name="Gross">{{cite journal|last=Gross|first=Leo|year=1948|title=The Peace of Westphalia, 1648–1948|journal=[[American Journal of International Law]]|volume=42|issue=1|pages=20–41 [p. 25]|doi=10.2307/2193560 |jstor=2193560|s2cid=246010450}}</ref>