Editing Panopticon (section)

== Art and literature ==
[[File:The_Royal_Panopticon_of_Science_and_Art_1854.png|thumb|right|A drawing of the [[interior design]], when [[The Royal Panopticon of Science and Art]] opened in 1854]]
According to professor [[Donald Preziosi]], the panopticon prison of Bentham resonates with the ''memory theatre'' of [[Giulio Camillo]], where the sitting observer is at the centre and the phenomena are categorised in an [[Array data structure|array]], which makes comparison, distinction, contrast and variation legible.<ref>{{cite book |title=Rethinking Art History: Meditations on a Coy Science |url=https://archive.org/details/rethinkingarthis00prez |url-access=registration |author= Donald Preziosi|year=1989 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn= 9780300049831 |page=[https://archive.org/details/rethinkingarthis00prez/page/66 66] }}</ref> Among the architectural references Bentham quoted for his panopticon prison was [[Ranelagh Gardens]], a London [[pleasure garden]] with a [[dome]] built around 1742. At the center of the [[rotunda (architecture)|rotunda]] beneath the dome was an elevated platform from which a [[360 degrees]] [[panorama]] could be viewed, illuminated through [[skylight]]s.<ref name="vessella" /> Professor [[Nicholas Mirzoeff]] compares the panopticon with the 19th-century [[diorama]], because the architecture is arranged so that the ''seer'' views [[Prison cell|cells]] or galleries.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Visual Culture Reader |author= Nicholas Mirzoeff|year=2002 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn= 9780415252225 |page=403 }}</ref> 

[[File:Diorama diagram.jpg|thumb|Ground-plan of the Diorama Building, London 1823]]
In 1854 the work on the building that was to house the [[Royal Panopticon of Science and Art]] in [[London]] was completed. The rotunda at the centre of the building was encircled with a 91-meter procession. The interior reflected the taste for religiously meaningless ornament and emerged from the contemporary taste for recreational learning. Visitors of the Royal Panopticon of Science and Art could view changing exhibits, including [[vacuum flask]]s, a [[pin]] making [[machine]], and a [[Improved cookstove|cook stove]].  However, a competitive [[entertainment industry]] emerged in London<ref name="ziter">{{Cite book|title=The Orient on the Victorian Stage |author= Edward Ziter| publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2003 |isbn=9780521818292 | pages=119}}</ref> and despite the varying music, the large fountains, interesting experiments, and opportunities for [[shopping]],<ref>{{Cite book|title=Charlotte Brontë: The Imagination in History |url=https://archive.org/details/charlottebrontei00glen |url-access=limited |author= Heather Glen| publisher= Oxford University Press |year=2002 |isbn= 9780198187615 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/charlottebrontei00glen/page/n225 213]}}</ref> two years after opening the amateur science panopticon project closed.<ref name="ziter" />

Panopticon principle is the central idea in the plot of ''[[We (novel)|We]]'' ({{Langx|ru|Мы|translit=My}}), a dystopian novel by Russian writer [[Yevgeny Zamyatin]], written 1920–1921. Zamyatin goes beyond a concept of a single prison and projects panopticon principles to the whole society where people live in buildings with fully transparent walls.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

The 1948 American film ''[[Call Northside 777]]'' features a scene filmed on location at the [[Stateville Correctional Center|Stateville Penitentiary]] near Chicago, inside the so-called "Roundhouse," a panopticon cell block built according to Bentham's original concept, with the important difference that the central guard tower had transparent windows, making the positions and activities of the men inside it visible to all the prisoners.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/26326663221101571 | doi=10.1177/26326663221101571 | title=Phantom architecture: Jeremy Bentham's haunted and haunting panopticon | date=2022 | last1=Fiddler | first1=Michael | journal=Incarceration | volume=3 | issue=2 }}</ref>

Foucault's theories positioned Bentham's panopticon prison in the social structures of 1970s Europe. This led to the widespread use of the panopticon in literature, comic books, computer games, and TV series.<ref>{{cite book |title=David Mitchell's Post-Secular World: Buddhism, Belief and the Urgency of Compassion |author= Rose Harris-Birtill |year=2019 |publisher= Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn= 9781350078604 |page=120 }}</ref> In ''[[Doctor Who]],'' the hall where Time Lords conduct their most important ceremonies is called The Panopticon.<ref>Doctor Who, The Deadly Assassin, Season 14, Serial 3; November 1976</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=February 2023}} In the 1981 the novella ''[[Chronicle of a Death Foretold]]'' by [[Gabriel García Márquez]] on the murder of Santiago Nasar, chapter four is written with a view on the characters through the panopticon of [[Riohacha]].<ref>{{cite book |title= Gabriel García Márquez |author= Stephen Hart |year=2013 |publisher= Reaktion Books |isbn= 9781780232423 |page=121 }}</ref> [[Angela Carter]], in her 1984 novel'' [[Nights at the Circus]],'' linked the panopticon of ''Countes P'' to a "perverse honeycomb" and made the character the [[matriarchal]] [[queen bee]].<ref>{{cite book |title= Angela Carter: Surrealist, Psychologist, Moral Pornographer |author= Scott Dimovitz |year=2016 |publisher= Routledge |isbn= 9781317181125 |page=165 }}</ref> In the 2011 [[TV series]], ''[[Person of Interest (TV series)|Person of Interest]]'', Foucault's panopticon is used to grasp the pressure under which the character Harold Finch suffers in the post-[[9/11]] United States of America.<ref>{{cite book |title= Crime, Deviance and Popular Culture: International and Multidisciplinary Perspectives | author = Dimitris Akrivos & Alexandros K. Antoniou |year=2019 |publisher= Springer |isbn= 9783030049126 |pages=77–78 }}</ref> The horror fiction podcast [[The Magnus Archives]] features a modified version of the [[Millbank Prison]] panopticon.<ref>"Panopticon". ''The Magnus Archives'' (Podcast). Rusty Quill. 17 October 2019. </ref> [[Peter Gabriel]]'s 2023 single is named "[[Panopticom]]".

In the 2014 movie, ''[[Guardians of the Galaxy (film)|Guardians of the Galaxy]]'', the Kyln high security prison incorporates panopticon features.

In the 2019 video game, ''[[Control (video game)|Control]]'', one of the major locations in the containment sector is named 'Panopticon,' and has architectural features that align with the use of the word.