Editing Pakistan (section)

=== Post independence ===
{{Main|History of Pakistan (1947–present)|Dominion of Pakistan}}
[[File:Liaquat Ali Khan 1945.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|[[Liaquat Ali Khan]] was elected 1st Prime Minister of Pakistan.{{sfn|Kazmi|2003}}{{sfn|Tucker|2017}}]]
After [[Creation of Pakistan|independence]] in 1947, Jinnah, the [[Party chair|President]] of the Muslim League, became Pakistan's first [[Governor-General of Pakistan|Governor-General]] and the first [[Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan|President-Speaker]] of the [[Parliament of Pakistan|Parliament]], but he succumbed to tuberculosis on 11 September 1948.{{sfn|Tucker|2017}}{{sfn|Akbar|2018}} Meanwhile, Pakistan's founding fathers agreed to appoint [[Liaquat Ali Khan]], the [[Secretary General|secretary-general]] of the [[All-India Muslim League|party]], the nation's [[List of Prime Ministers of Pakistan|first Prime Minister]].{{sfn|Kazmi|2003}}{{sfn|Tucker|2017}} From 1947 to 1956, [[Monarchy of Pakistan|Pakistan was a monarchy]] within the Commonwealth of Nations, and had two monarchs before it became a republic.{{R|Kumarasingham-2013}}

The creation of Pakistan was never fully accepted by many British leaders including [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten]].{{R|McGrath-1996}} Mountbatten expressed his lack of support and faith in the Muslim League's idea of Pakistan.{{R|Ahmed-1997}} Jinnah refused Mountbatten's offer to serve as Governor-General of Pakistan.{{R|Wolpert-2009}} When Mountbatten was asked by [[Larry Collins (writer)|Collins]] and [[Dominique Lapierre|Lapierre]] if he would have sabotaged Pakistan had he known that Jinnah was dying of tuberculosis, he replied 'most probably'.{{R|Lapierre-Collins-2015}}
[[File:Pakistan.ogv|thumb|The American [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] film on Pakistan, made in 1950, examines the history and geography of Pakistan.]]
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|quote   = "You are free; you are free to go to your temples, you are free to go to your mosques or to any other place of worship in this State of Pakistan. You may belong to any religion or caste or creed&nbsp;– that has nothing to do with the business of the State."
|source  = —[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]'s first speech to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan.{{sfn|Wilson|2009}}
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Maulana [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]], a respected Deobandi ''alim'' (scholar) who held the position of Shaykh al-Islam in Pakistan in 1949, and [[Abul A'la Maududi|Maulana Mawdudi]] of [[Jamaat-e-Islami|Jamaat-i-Islami]] played key roles in advocating for an Islamic constitution. Mawdudi insisted that the Constituent Assembly declare the "supreme sovereignty of God" and the supremacy of the ''shariah'' in Pakistan.{{R|Hussain-2008-1}}

The efforts of Jamaat-i-Islami and the ''[[ulama]]'' led to the passage of the [[Objectives Resolution]] in March 1949. This resolution, described by Liaquat Ali Khan as the second most significant step in Pakistan's history, affirmed that "sovereignty over the entire universe belongs to God Almighty alone and the authority which He has delegated to the State of Pakistan through its people for being exercised within the limits prescribed by Him is a sacred trust". It was later included as a preamble to the constitutions of 1956, 1962, and 1973.{{R|Hussain-2008-2}}

[[Democracy in Pakistan|Democracy]] faced setbacks due to the [[1958 Pakistani coup d'état|martial law]] imposed by President [[Iskander Mirza]], who was succeeded by General [[Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)|Ayub Khan]]. After adopting a [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1962|presidential system]] in 1962, Pakistan witnessed significant growth until the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|second war]] with India in 1965, resulting in an economic downturn and widespread public discontent in 1967.{{sfn|Wynbrandt|2009|p=190–197}}{{sfn|Chowdhury|Mahmud|2008}} In 1969, President [[Yahya Khan]] consolidated control, but faced a devastating [[1970 Bhola cyclone|cyclone]] in East Pakistan resulting in 500,000 deaths.{{sfn|Kathpalia|1986}}

In 1970, Pakistan conducted its [[1970 Pakistani general election|first democratic elections]] since independence, intending to transition from [[Legal Framework Order, 1970|military rule]] to democracy. However, after the East Pakistani [[Awami League]] emerged victorious over the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] (PPP), Yahya Khan and the military refused to transfer power.{{sfn|Koumar|2023}} This led to [[Operation Searchlight]], a military crackdown, and eventually sparked the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|war of liberation]] by Bengali [[Mukti Bahini]] forces in East Pakistan,{{sfn|Lewis|2011}} described in West Pakistan as a civil war rather than a liberation struggle.{{sfn|Bose|2005}}

[[File:Ayubkhanandbhutto.jpg|thumb|upright|Signing of the [[Tashkent Declaration]] to end [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|hostilities]] with India in 1965 in [[Tashkent]], [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)|USSR]], by President [[Field Marshal Ayub Khan|Ayub]] alongside [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto|Bhutto]] (centre) and [[Aziz Ahmed (civil servant)|Aziz Ahmed]] (left){{sfn|Khan|2008}}]]

Independent researchers estimate that between 300,000 and 500,000 civilians died during this period while the Bangladesh government puts the number of dead at three million,{{sfn|Sunkara|Walter|Rojas|2024}} a figure that is now nearly universally regarded as excessively inflated.{{sfn|Hiro|2015}} Some academics such as [[Rudolph Rummel]] and [[Rounaq Jahan]] say both sides committed genocide;{{sfn|Rummel|1998}} others such as [[John Richard Sisson|Richard Sisson]] and Leo E. Rose believe there was no genocide.{{sfn|Beachler|2011}} In response to India's support for the insurgency in East Pakistan, [[preemptive strikes]] on India by Pakistan's [[Pakistan Air Force|air force]], [[Pakistan Navy|navy]], and [[Pakistan Marines|marines]] sparked [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|a conventional war]] in 1971 that resulted in an Indian victory and East Pakistan gaining [[Independence of Bangladesh|independence]] as [[Bangladesh]].{{sfn|Totten|2000}}

With Pakistan [[Instrument of Surrender (1971)|surrendering]] in the war,{{sfn|Agha|2021}} Yahya Khan was replaced by [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] as president; the country worked towards promulgating [[Constitution of Pakistan|its constitution]] and putting the country on the road to democracy.{{sfn|Paxton|2016}}{{sfn|Oldenburg|2010}} In 1972 Pakistan embarked on an ambitious plan to develop its [[Pakistan and its Nuclear Deterrent Program|nuclear deterrence]] capability with [[Mutually assured destruction|the goal of preventing]] any [[Foreign interventionism|foreign invasion]]; the country's [[KANUPP|first]] [[nuclear power plant]] was inaugurated in that same year.{{sfn|Fitzpatrick|2007}}{{sfn|Hoodbhoy|2011}} India's [[Operation Smiling Buddha|first nuclear test]] in 1974 gave Pakistan additional justification to accelerate its [[Pakistan and Nuclear Weapons|nuclear program]].{{sfn|Hoodbhoy|2011}}

Democracy ended with a [[Operation Fair Play|military coup]] in 1977 against the [[Socialism in Pakistan|leftist]] PPP, which saw [[General Zia-ul-Haq]] become the president in 1978.{{sfn|Krasno|LaPides|2015}} From 1977 to 1988, President Zia's [[Corporate sector of Pakistan|corporatisation]] and [[Islamization of Economy|economic Islamisation]] initiatives led to Pakistan becoming one of the fastest-growing economies in South Asia.{{sfn|Khanna|2002}} While building up the country's [[Pakistan and its Nuclear Deterrent Program|nuclear program]], increasing [[Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization|Islamisation]], and the rise of a homegrown [[Conservatism in Pakistan|conservative]] philosophy, Pakistan helped subsidise and distribute US [[Operation Cyclone|resources to factions]] of the [[Afghan mujahideen|mujahideen]] against the [[Soviet Union|USSR]]'s [[Soviet–Afghan War|intervention]] in [[communist Afghanistan]].{{sfn|Hajari|2015}}{{sfn|Coll|2004}}{{sfn|Westad|2005}} Pakistan's [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|North-West Frontier Province]] became a base for the anti-Soviet Afghan fighters, with the province's influential [[Deobandi]] ulama playing a significant role in encouraging and organising the 'jihad'.{{sfn|Haroon|2008}}

[[Death of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|President Zia died]] in a plane crash in 1988, and [[Benazir Bhutto]], daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, was elected as the country's [[Women in Muslim societies|first female]] Prime Minister. The PPP was followed by conservative [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]] (PML (N)), and over the next decade the leaders of the two parties fought for power, alternating in office.{{sfn|Tucker|2015}} This period is marked by prolonged [[Periods of stagflation in Pakistan|stagflation]], political instability, [[Corruption in Pakistan|corruption]], misgovernment, [[Geostrategy|geopolitical]] rivalry with India, and the clash of [[Socialism in Pakistan|left wing]]-[[Conservatism in Pakistan|right wing]] ideologies.{{sfn|Chapman|2018}}{{sfn|Husain|2010}} As PML (N) secured a [[supermajority]] in [[1997 Pakistani general election|elections]] in 1997,{{sfn|Yap|Abeyratne|2023|page=68}} [[Nawaz Sharif]] authorised [[List of nuclear weapons tests of Pakistan|nuclear testings]], as a [[tit-for-tat|retaliation]] to the [[Pokhran-II|second nuclear tests]] conducted by India in May 1998.{{sfn|Khan|2012}}

[[File:The Prime Minister Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee meets the President of Pakistan Mr. Pervez Musharraf on the sidline of 12th SAARC Summit in Islmabad on January 5, 2003.jpg|left|thumb|President [[Pervez Musharraf|Musharraf]] meets with Indian Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee|Vajpayee]] in [[Islamabad]] at the sidelines of 12th [[SAARC]] summit in 2004.{{sfn|Ahmad|2023}}]]

Military tension between the two countries in the [[Kargil district]] led to the [[Kargil War]] of 1999,{{sfn|Mazari|2003}}{{sfn|Chakma|2014}} and turmoil in [[civil-military relations]] allowed General [[Pervez Musharraf]] to take over through a [[1999 Pakistani coup d'état|bloodless coup d'état]].{{sfn|Yarbakhsh|2019}} Musharraf governed Pakistan as [[head of government|chief executive]] from 1999 to 2002 and as president from 2001 to 2008{{sfn|Khoja-Moolji|2021}}—a period of [[Enlightened moderation|enlightenment]],{{sfn|Fair|2014}}{{sfn|Kennedy|2021}} social [[Liberal islam|liberalism]],{{sfn|Zulfiqar|2011}} extensive [[Economic reforms in Pakistan|economic reforms]],{{sfn|Mohiuddin|2007|page=219}} and [[Pakistan's role in the War on Terror|direct involvement in the US-led war on terrorism]].{{sfn|Kennedy|2021}} By its own financial calculations, Pakistan's [[Pakistan's role in the War on Terror|involvement in the war on terrorism]] has cost up to $118&nbsp;billion, over [[List of terrorist incidents in Pakistan since 2001|eighty one thousand casualties]],{{sfn|Martini|Ford|Jackson|2020}} and more than 1.8&nbsp;million displaced civilians.{{sfn|Mansbach|Pirro|Taylor|2017}}

The [[National Assembly (Pakistan)|National Assembly]] historically completed its first full five-year term on 15 November 2007.{{sfn|United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations|2008}} After the [[assassination of Benazir Bhutto]] in 2007, the PPP secured the [[Majority|most votes]] in the [[2008 Pakistani general election|elections]] of 2008, appointing party member [[Yusuf Raza Gilani]] as Prime Minister.{{sfn|Jaffrelot|2015|page=261}} Threatened with [[Movement to impeach Pervez Musharraf|impeachment]], President Musharraf resigned on 18 August 2008, and was succeeded by [[Asif Ali Zardari]].{{sfn|Kapoor|2009}} Clashes with the [[Judiciary of Pakistan|judicature]] prompted Gilani's disqualification from the [[Parliament of Pakistan|Parliament]] and as the Prime Minister in June 2012.{{sfn|Waseem|2022}} The [[2013 Pakistani general election|general election]] held in 2013 saw the PML (N) achieve victory,{{sfn|Dede|Sadioglu|2016}} following which Nawaz Sharif was elected as Prime Minister for the third time.{{sfn|Ruhland|2019}} In 2018, [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf|PTI]] won the [[2018 Pakistan general election|general election]] and [[Imran Khan]] became the 22nd Prime Minister.{{sfn|Burnett|2020}} In April 2022, [[Shehbaz Sharif]] was elected as prime minister, after Imran Khan lost a no-confidence vote.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2023}} During [[2024 Pakistani general election|2024 general election]], PTI-backed independents became the largest bloc,{{sfn|Afzal|2024}} but Shehbaz Sharif was elected prime minister for a second term, as a result of a coalition between PML (N) and PPPP.{{sfn|Tariq|Stenson|2024}}
{{Clear}}