Editing Osteopathy (section)

== Effectiveness ==
A 2005 Cochrane review of osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) in asthma treatment concluded that there was insufficient evidence that OMT can be used to treat asthma.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001002.pub2 |title=Manual therapy for asthma |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |year=2005 |last1=Hondras |first1=Maria A. |last2=Linde |first2=Klaus |last3=Jones |first3=Arthur P. |editor1-last=Hondras |editor1-first=Maria A. |pmid=15846609 |issue=2 |pages=CD001002}}</ref>

In 2013, a [[Cochrane (organisation)|Cochrane review]] reviewed six randomized controlled trials which investigated the effect of four types of chest physiotherapy (including OMT) as adjunctive treatments for pneumonia in adults and concluded that "based on current limited evidence, chest physiotherapy might not be recommended as routine additional treatment for pneumonia in adults." Techniques investigated in the study included paraspinal inhibition, rib raising, and myofascial release. The review found that OMT did not reduce mortality and did not increase cure rate, but that OMT slightly reduced the duration of hospital stay and antibiotic use.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Xiaomei |last2=Jiang |first2=Jiaojiao |last3=Wang |first3=Renjie |last4=Fu |first4=Hongbo |last5=Lu |first5=Jing |last6=Yang |first6=Ming |date=6 September 2022 |title=Chest physiotherapy for pneumonia in adults |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2022 |issue=9 |pages=CD006338 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006338.pub4 |issn=1469-493X |pmc=9447368 |pmid=36066373}}</ref> A 2013 systematic review of the use of OMT for treating pediatric conditions concluded that its effectiveness was unproven.<ref name=ernst-sr>{{cite journal |doi=10.1542/peds.2012-3959 |title=Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment for Pediatric Conditions: A Systematic Review |year=2013 |last1=Posadzki |first1=P. |last2=Lee |first2=M. S. |last3=Ernst |first3=E. |journal=[[Pediatrics (journal)|Pediatrics]] |volume=132 |pages=140–52 |pmid=23776117 |issue=1 |s2cid=5112754}}</ref>

In 2014, a [[systematic review]] and [[meta-analysis]] of 15 randomized controlled trials found [[Evidence-based medicine#Levels of evidence|moderate-quality evidence]] that OMT reduces pain and improves functional status in acute and chronic nonspecific [[low back pain]].<ref name="Franke2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Franke H, Franke JD, Fryer G |title=Osteopathic manipulative treatment for nonspecific low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=286 |date=August 2014 |pmid=25175885 |pmc=4159549 |doi=10.1186/1471-2474-15-286 |type=Systematic review & meta-analysis |doi-access=free}}</ref> The same analysis also found moderate-quality evidence for pain reduction for nonspecific low back pain in [[Postpartum period|postpartum women]] and low-quality evidence for pain reduction in nonspecific low back pain in [[Pregnancy#Signs and symptoms|pregnant women]].<ref name="Franke2014" /> A 2013 systematic review found insufficient evidence to rate osteopathic manipulation for chronic nonspecific low back pain.<ref name="chronic">{{cite journal |vauthors=Orrock PJ, Myers SP |title=Osteopathic intervention in chronic non-specific low back pain: a systematic review |journal=BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders |volume=14 |page=129 |year=2013 |pmid=23570655 |pmc=3623881 |doi=10.1186/1471-2474-14-129 |type=Systematic review |doi-access=free}}</ref> In 2011, a systematic review found no compelling evidence that osteopathic manipulation was effective for the treatment of musculoskeletal pain.<ref name="musculo-no">{{cite journal |vauthors=Posadzki P, Ernst E |title=Osteopathy for musculoskeletal pain patients: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials |journal=[[Clinical Rheumatology]] |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=285–91 |date=February 2011 |pmid=21053038 |doi=10.1007/s10067-010-1600-6 |s2cid=20517311 |type=Systematic review}}</ref>

A 2018 systematic review found that there is no evidence for the reliability or specific efficacy of the techniques used in visceral osteopathy.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1186/s12906-018-2098-8 |title=Reliability of diagnosis and clinical efficacy of visceral osteopathy: a systematic review |journal=[[BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine]] |year=2018 |last1=Guillaud |first1=Albin |last2=Darbois |first2=Nelly |last3=Monvoisin |first3=Richard |last4=Pinsault |first4=Nicolas |issue=2 |volume=18|page=65 |pmid=29452579 |pmc=5816506 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

''The New England Journal of Medicine''{{'}}s 4 November 1999 issue concluded that patients with chronic low back pain can be treated effectively with manipulation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/9095-osteopathic-manipulation-for-low-back-pain |title=Osteopathic Manipulative Therpay & OMT Cleveland Clinic |publisher=Cleveland Clinic |access-date=27 January 2020}}</ref> The United Kingdom's [[National Health Service]] says there is "limited evidence" that osteopathy "may be effective for some types of neck, shoulder or lower limb pain and recovery after hip or knee operations", but that there is no evidence that osteopathy is effective as a treatment for health conditions unrelated to the bones and muscles.<ref name="NHS_osteopathy">{{cite web |url=http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Osteopathy/Pages/Introduction.aspx |title=Osteopathy – NHS Choices |date=11 October 2011 |publisher=[[NHS]] |access-date=8 January 2014}}</ref> Others have concluded that there is insufficient evidence to suggest efficacy for osteopathic style manipulation in treating musculoskeletal pain.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Posadzki |first1=P. |last2=Ernst |first2=E. |year=2011 |title=Osteopathy for Musculoskeletal Pain |journal=[[Clinical Rheumatology]] |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=285–91 |doi=10.1007/s10067-010-1600-6 |pmid=21053038 |s2cid=20517311}}</ref>