Editing Orca (section)

===Fish===
Fish-eating orcas prey on around 30 species of fish. Some populations in the [[Norway|Norwegian]] and [[Greenland]] sea specialize in [[herring]] and follow that fish's autumnal migration to the Norwegian coast. [[Salmon]] account for 96% of northeast Pacific residents' diet, including 65% of large, fatty [[Chinook salmon|Chinook]].{{sfn|NMFS|2005|p=18}} [[Chum salmon]] are also eaten, but smaller [[Sockeye salmon|sockeye]] and [[pink salmon]] are not a significant food item. Depletion of specific prey species in an area is, therefore, cause for concern for local populations, despite the high diversity of prey.{{sfn|Ford|Ellis|2006}} On average, an orca eats {{convert|227|kg|lb}} each day.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/facts/orca |title=National Geographic creature feature|last1=Hughes |first1=Catherine D.|date=March 2014 |access-date=July 25, 2007<!--valid url/arch confirm :11 23 June 2023 Dave-->|archive-date=June 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602193556/https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/facts/orca |url-status=live }}</ref> While salmon are usually hunted by an individual whale or a small group, herring are often caught using [[carousel feeding]]: the orcas force the herring into a tight ball by releasing bursts of bubbles or flashing their white undersides. They then slap the ball with their tail flukes, stunning or killing up to 15 fish at a time, then eating them one by one. Carousel feeding has been documented only in the Norwegian orca population, as well as some oceanic dolphin species.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Similä|first1= T. |last2=Ugarte|first2= F. |year=1993 |title=Surface and underwater observations of cooperatively feeding killer whales in Northern Norway |journal=Canadian Journal of Zoology |volume=71 |pages=1494–1499 |doi=10.1139/z93-210 |issue=8|bibcode= 1993CaJZ...71.1494S }}</ref>

In New Zealand, [[shark]]s and [[Batoidea|rays]] appear to be important prey, including [[New Zealand eagle ray|eagle ray]]s, [[Thorntail stingray|long-tail]] and [[short-tail stingray]]s, [[common thresher]]s, [[smooth hammerhead]]s, [[blue shark]]s, [[basking sharks]], and [[shortfin mako]]s.<ref name=orcashark>{{cite journal|author=Visser|first1= Ingrid N.|year=2005|title=First Observations of Feeding on Thresher (''Alopias vulpinus'') and Hammerhead (''Sphyrna zygaena'') Sharks by Killer Whales (''Orcinus orca'') Specialising on Elasmobranch Prey|journal=Aquatic Mammals|volume=31|issue=1|pages=83–88|doi=10.1578/AM.31.1.2005.83}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Visser|first1= Ingrid N. |first2=Jo|last2= Berghan |last3= van Meurs|first3= Rinie|first4=Dagmar |last4=Fertl |year=2000 |title=Killer Whale (''Orcinus orca'') Predation on a Shortfin Mako Shark (''Isurus oxyrinchus'') in New Zealand Waters |journal=Aquatic Mammals |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=229–231 |url=http://aquaticmammalsjournal.org/share/AquaticMammalsIssueArchives/2000/AquaticMammals_26-03/26-03_Berghan.pdf |access-date=May 3, 2014 |archive-date=January 26, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120126035026/http://aquaticmammalsjournal.org/share/AquaticMammalsIssueArchives/2000/AquaticMammals_26-03/26-03_Berghan.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> With sharks, orcas may herd them to the surface and strike them with their tail flukes,<ref name=orcashark/> while bottom-dwelling rays are cornered, pinned to the ground and taken to the surface.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Visser|first1= Ingrid N.|year=1999|title=Benthic foraging on stingrays by killer whales (''Orcinus orca'') in New Zealand waters|journal=Marine Mammal Science|volume=15|issue=1|pages=220–227 |doi=10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00793.x|bibcode= 1999MMamS..15..220V}}</ref> In other parts of the world, orcas have preyed on [[broadnose sevengill shark]]s,<ref name=Engelbrecht/> [[whale shark]]s,<ref>{{cite web |last1=O'Sullivan |first1=J. B. |title=A fatal attack on a whale shark ''Rhincodon typus'', by killer whales ''Orcinus orca'' off Bahia de Los Angeles, Baja California |year=2000 |url=http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/meetings/abst2000c.htm |work=American Elasmobranch Society 16th Annual Meeting, June 14–20, 2000 |location=La Paz, B.C.S., México |access-date=February 18, 2010 |archive-date=February 28, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100228204745/http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/meetings/abst2000c.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pancaldi |first1=Francesca |last2=Ayres |first2=Kathryn A. |last3=Gallagher |first3=Austin J. |last4=Moskito |first4=James |last5=Williamson |first5=Kelsey C. |last6=Higuera Rivas |first6=Jesús Erick |date=2024-11-29 |title=Killer whales (Orcinus orca) hunt, kill and consume the largest fish on Earth, the whale shark (Rhincodon typus) |journal=Frontiers in Marine Science |language=English |volume=11 |doi=10.3389/fmars.2024.1448254 |doi-access=free |issn=2296-7745}}</ref> and even [[great white shark]]s.<ref name=Engelbrecht>{{cite journal|last1=Engelbrecht|first1=T. M.|last2=Kock|first2= A. A.|last3=O'Riain|first3= M. J.|year=2019|title=Running scared: when predators become prey|journal=Ecosphere |volume=10|issue=1|page=e02531 |doi=10.1002/ecs2.2531|doi-access=free|bibcode=2019Ecosp..10E2531E }}</ref><ref name=Pyle>{{cite journal |last1=Pyle |first1=Peter |last2=Schramm|first2= Mary Jane |last3=Keiper|first3= Carol |last4=Anderson|first4= Scot D. |title=Predation on a white shark (''Carcharodon carcharias'') by a killer whale (''Orcinus orca'') and a possible case of competitive displacement |journal=[[Marine Mammal Science]] |year=1999 |url=http://www.prbo.org/cms/docs/marine/MMS.pdf |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=563–568 |doi=10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00822.x |bibcode=1999MMamS..15..563P |access-date=April 28, 2014 |archive-date=March 22, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322070431/http://www.prbo.org/cms/docs/marine/MMS.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Competition between orcas and white sharks is probable in regions where their diets overlap.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Heithaus |first=Michael |title=Predator–prey and competitive interactions between sharks (order Selachii) and dolphins (suborder Odontoceti): a review |journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=253 |issue=1 |pages=53–68 |year=2001 |url=http://www.science.fau.edu/sharklab/courses/elasmobiology/readings/heithaus.pdf |doi=10.1017/S0952836901000061 |citeseerx=10.1.1.404.130 |access-date=January 18, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115113304/http://www.science.fau.edu/sharklab/courses/elasmobiology/readings/heithaus.pdf |archive-date=January 15, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The arrival of orcas in an area can cause white sharks to flee and forage elsewhere.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Jorgensen|first1= S. J.|display-authors=etal|year=2019 |title=Killer whales redistribute white shark foraging pressure on seals|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=9|issue=1|page=6153 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-39356-2 |pmid=30992478|pmc=6467992|bibcode=2019NatSR...9.6153J}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Towner |first1=AV |last2=Watson |first2=RGA |last3=Kock |first3=AA |last4=Papastamatiou |first4=Y |last5=Sturup |first5=M |last6=Gennari |first6=E |last7=Baker |first7=K |last8=Booth |first8=T |last9=Dicken |first9=M |last10=Chivell |first10=W |last11=Elwen |first11=S |date=2022-04-03 |title=Fear at the top: killer whale predation drives white shark absence at South Africa's largest aggregation site |url=https://doi.org/10.2989/1814232X.2022.2066723 |journal=African Journal of Marine Science |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=139–152 |doi=10.2989/1814232X.2022.2066723 |bibcode=2022AfJMS..44..139T |s2cid=250118179 |issn=1814-232X}}</ref> Orcas appear to target the liver of sharks.<ref name=Engelbrecht/><ref name=Pyle/> In one case a single orca was observed killing and eating a great white shark on its own.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Towner |first1=A |last2=Micarelli |first2=P |last3=Hurwitz |first3=D |last4=Smale |first4=Mj |last5=Booth |first5=Aj |last6=Stopforth |first6=C |last7=Jacobs |first7=E |last8=Reinero |first8=Fr |last9=Ricci |first9=V |last10=Di Bari |first10=A |last11=Gavazzi |first11=S |last12=Carugno |first12=G |last13=Mahrer |first13=M |last14=Gennari |first14=E |date=2024 |title=Further insights into killer whales Orcinus orca preying on white sharks Carcharodon carcharias in South Africa |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2989/1814232X.2024.2311272 |journal=African Journal of Marine Science |volume=46 |issue=1 |language=en |pages=1–5 |doi=10.2989/1814232X.2024.2311272 |bibcode=2024AfJMS..46....1T |issn=1814-232X}}</ref>