Editing Orangutan (section)

===Communication===
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Orangutans communicate with various vocals and sounds. Males will make long calls, both to attract females and to advertise themselves to other males.<ref name="Utami 2002" /> These calls have three components; they begin with grumbles, peak with pulses and end with bubbles. Both sexes will try to intimidate conspecifics with a series of low frequency noises known collectively as the "rolling call". When uncomfortable, an orangutan will produce a "kiss squeak", which involves sucking in air through pursed lips. Mothers produce throatscrapes to keep in contact with their offspring. Infants make soft hoots when distressed. When building a nest, orangutans will produce smacks or [[blowing a raspberry|blow raspberries]].<ref name=vocal>{{cite web|title=Orangutan call repertoires|publisher=[[Universität Zürich]] – Department of Anthropology|url=https://www.aim.uzh.ch/de/orangutannetwork/orangutancallrepertoires.html|access-date=23 April 2020|archive-date=3 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003083144/https://www.aim.uzh.ch/de/orangutannetwork/orangutancallrepertoires.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Orangutan calls display consonant- and vowel-like components and they maintain their meaning over great distances.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lameira|first1=A. R.|display-authors=etal|year=2021|title=Orangutan information broadcast via consonant-like and vowel-like calls breaches mathematical models of linguistic evolution|journal=Biology Letters|volume=17|issue=9|doi=10.1098/rsbl.2021.0302|pmid=34582737 |pmc=8478518 }}</ref> They also display [[Recursion#In_language|recursion]] via three layers of rhythmic sounds.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=De Gregorio|first1=C|last2=Gamba|first2=M|last3=Lameira|first3=A. R.|year=2025|title=Third-order self-embedded vocal motifs in wild orangutans, and the selective evolution of recursion|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|doi=10.1111/nyas.15373}}</ref>

Mother orangutans and offspring also use several different gestures and expressions such as beckoning, stomping, lower lip pushing, object shaking and "presenting" a body part. These communicate goals such as "acquire object", "climb on me", "climb on you", "climb over", "move away", "play change: decrease intensity", "resume play" and "stop that".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Knox|first1=A|last2=Markx|first2=J|last3=How|first3=E|last4=Azis|first4=A|last5=Hobaiter|first5=C|last6=an Veen|first6=F. J. F|last7=Morrogh-Bernard|first7=H|year=2019|title=Gesture use in communication between mothers and offspring in wild Orang-Utans (''Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii'') from the Sabangau Peat-Swamp Forest, Borneo|journal=International Journal of Primatology|volume=40|issue=3|pages=393–416|doi=10.1007/s10764-019-00095-w|s2cid=195329265|doi-access=free|hdl=10023/18054|hdl-access=free}}</ref>