Editing Olive (section)

===Outside the Mediterranean===
The olive is not native outside the Mediterranean Basin, although various wild subspecies are endemic throughout Sub-Saharan Africa, [[South Arabia|southern Arabia]], and central and south Asia.<ref name=":9">Besnard G, Terral JF, Cornille A. [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5838823/ On the origins and domestication of the olive: a review and perspectives]. Ann Bot. 2018 Mar 5;121(3):385-403. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcx145. Erratum in: Ann Bot. 2018 Mar 5;121(3):587-588. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcy002. PMID: 29293871; PMCID: PMC5838823.</ref> Beyond its immediate native range, the cultivated olive historically spread across [[West Asia]] through southwest China, and into parts of southern Egypt, northeast Sudan, the [[Canary Islands]], and possibly the mountains of the [[Sahara]].<ref name=":9" /> Olive domestication is present on every inhabited continent due human introduction.[[File:21-alimenti, olio,Taccuino Sanitatis, Casanatense 4182..jpg|thumb|Storing olives on [[Dere Street]]; ''[[Tacuinum Sanitatis]]'', 14th century]]

==== Americas ====
Spanish colonists brought the olive to the [[New World]] in the 18th century, where its cultivation prospered in present-day Peru, Chile, Uruguay and Argentina. The first seedlings from Spain were planted in [[Lima]] by Antonio de Rivera in 1560. Olive tree cultivation quickly spread along the valleys of South America's dry Pacific coast where the climate is similar to the Mediterranean.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequencies of 1492 |author=Crosby, Alfred W. |page=73 |year=2003 |publisher=Praeger |location=Santa Barbara, CA |isbn=978-0-27598-092-4}}</ref> 

Spanish missionaries established the olive tree in [[California]] between 1769 and 1795 at [[Mission San Diego de Alcalá]]. Orchards were started at other missions, but by 1838, only two olive orchards were confirmed in California. Cultivation for oil gradually became a highly successful commercial venture from the 1860s onward.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Carter, Nancy Carol |url=https://www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/v54-3/pdf/v54-3carter.pdf |year=2008 |title=San Diego Olives: Origins of a California Industry |journal=The Journal of San Diego History |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=138–140 |access-date=2017-05-03 |archive-date=2016-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160831181343/https://www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/v54-3/pdf/v54-3carter.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Pierce-1897">{{cite book | last=Pierce | first=Newton B. | author-link=Newton Barris Pierce | title=Yearbook of the United States Department of Agriculture 1896 | publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] ([[U.S. Government Printing Office]]) | year=1897 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=biIZAQAAIAAJ | oclc=1027034631 | chapter=Olive culture in the United States | pages=371–390}}</ref>  

Olive growing in the United States is primarily concentrated in warmer regions like California, Texas,<ref>{{Cite news |last=McWilliams |first=James |date=2015-07-23 |title=The Other Oil Boom |url=https://www.texasmonthly.com/food/the-other-oil-boom/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |work=Texas Monthly |language=en-US}}</ref> New Mexico, Arizona, Georgia, and Florida. California is by far the largest olive producer in the U.S., accounting for 95 percent of domestic olives;<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Olives |url=https://www.agmrc.org/commodities-products/fruits/olives |website=Agricultural Marketing Research Center}}</ref> as of 2021, there are roughly 36,000 acres under olive cultivation in the U.S.,<ref name=":10" /> of which about 35,000 acres are in California.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-20 |title=Olive trees offer gnarly, timeless beauty |url=https://www.lsuagcenter.com/profiles/tblanchard/articles/page1568990740177#:~:text=In%20the%20United%20States,%20olives%20grow%20well,way%20south%20to%20Georgia,%20Florida%20and%20Texas. |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=LSU AgCenter |language=en}}</ref> However, the industry is also expanding into the southeastern U.S., with Florida and Georgia experiencing growth in olive farming.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-18 |title=America's Tuscany: 9 Amazing Olive Oil Orchards to Visit in the U.S. |url=https://www.afar.com/magazine/americas-tuscany-9-amazing-olive-oil-orchards-to-visit-in-the-us |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=AFAR Media |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":10" /> 

==== Asia ====
Olive trees were successfully introduced in Japan in 1908 on [[Shōdoshima|Shodo Island]]; located in the [[Seto Inland Sea]], the island has a moderate climate characterized by stable year-round temperature and relatively low rainfall. It became the cradle of olive cultivation in Japan,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.town.shodoshima.lg.jp/en/index.html |title=Shodoshima Town |website=shodoshima.lg.jp |access-date=2012-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907230150/http://www.town.shodoshima.lg.jp/en/index.html |archive-date=2017-09-07 |url-status=dead }}</ref> accounting for over 95% of the country's total production,<ref name="Olive Oil Times">{{cite web |last=Argentino |first=Christopher |url=https://www.oliveoiltimes.com/production/tracking-the-rise-of-olive-oil-in-japan/120816 |title=Tracking the Rise of Olive Oil in Japan |website=[[Olive Oil Times]] |date=2023-06-12 |access-date=2025-03-28}}</ref> and earning the nickname "Olive Island".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hachisu |first=Nancy Singleton |date=2015-10-30 |title=The island making Japan's best olive oil |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2015/10/30/food/island-making-japans-best-olive-oil/ |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=The Japan Times |language=en}}</ref> Olives play a central role in the local culture and economy, with the island's mascot and tourism merchandise reflecting olive themes.<ref name=":0" /> Olive cultivation has spread to other regions in Japan, namely neighboring [[Kagawa Prefecture|Kagawa]] and [[Okayama Prefecture|Okayama]] and nearby [[Kyushu]].<ref name="Olive Oil Times" /> The vast majority of Japanese growers are small-scale farmers.<ref name="Olive Oil Times" />

Since 2010,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-09-27 |title=Pakistan Makes Plans for Olive Oil Production |url=https://www.oliveoiltimes.com/production/pakistan-plans-olive-oil-production/20523 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Olive Oil Times |language=en-US}}</ref> Pakistan has been pursuing large scale commercial olive production, which it identified as a strategic national priority to reduce dependence on foreign oils and expand economic opportunity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-20 |title=Pakistan Bets Big on Local Olive Oil Production |url=https://www.oliveoiltimes.com/production/pakistan-bets-big-on-local-olive-oil-production/81123 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Olive Oil Times |language=en-US}}</ref> As part of the national Ten Billion Tree Tsunami Project launched in 2019, which aimed to plant 10 billion trees to mitigate climate change and environmental degradation,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-02 |title=Pakistan's Ten Billion Tree Tsunami |url=https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/pakistans-ten-billion-tree-tsunami |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=www.unep.org |language=en}}</ref> the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] provincial government planted thousands of olives to symbolize peace and provide commercial opportunities in the war-torn region.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-28 |title=In Pakistan, Efforts to Grow Olives in Underdeveloped Areas Begin to Bear Fruit |url=https://www.oliveoiltimes.com/business/in-pakistan-efforts-to-grow-olives-in-underdeveloped-areas-begin-to-bear-fruit/105533 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Olive Oil Times |language=en-US}}</ref> By 2020, with the help of experts from Spain and Italy, Pakistan imported thousands of trees and identified 10 million acres for growing olives.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-20 |title=Pakistan Bets Big on Local Olive Oil Production |url=https://www.oliveoiltimes.com/production/pakistan-bets-big-on-local-olive-oil-production/81123 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Olive Oil Times |language=en-US}}</ref> The following year, the federal [[Ministry of Climate Change (Pakistan)|Ministry of Climate Change]] launched the Olive Trees Tsunami Project to plant nearly 10 million hectares of olive trees. In 2022, Pakistan announced its intention to join the International Olive Council as part of ongoing efforts to develop its domestic olive industry.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-11 |title=Pakistan Set to Become Olive Council Member |url=https://www.oliveoiltimes.com/business/pakistan-to-become-olive-council-member/105121 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Olive Oil Times |language=en-US}}</ref> As of January 2025, the country had 5.6 million cultivated olive trees, with 500,000 to 800,000 new trees planted annually, as well as 80 million wild olive trees.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=2025-01-13 |title=Pakistani Province of Punjab Announces Plan to Plant 50M Olive Trees |url=https://www.oliveoiltimes.com/business/asia/pakistani-province-of-punjab-announces-plan-to-plant-50m-olive-trees/136504 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Olive Oil Times |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] province plans to plant 50 million olive trees on about 9.8 million acres by 2026.<ref name=":11" />

Commercial [[Olive production in India|olive oil production started in India]] in 2016, following the planting of olive saplings imported from Israel in [[Rajasthan]]'s [[Thar Desert]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/an-agri-marvel-takes-root-in-thar-sands/cid/1458888 | title=An agri marvel takes root in Thar sands | work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] | date=31 October 2016 | accessdate=3 March 2023 | author=Chowdhury, Jayanta Roy | archive-date=10 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410081701/https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/an-agri-marvel-takes-root-in-thar-sands/cid/1458888 | url-status=live }}</ref> Production was spearheaded by Rajasthan Olive Cultivation Limited, a state government-funded agency that offered subsidies and incentives for growing olives, with support from Israeli experts.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-07-16 |title=India's plan to become a leading olive oil producer |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-23123801 |access-date=2025-03-28 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Olive farms continued expanding into 2020 but saw a precipitous decline in size and production volume by 2023, due to the difficult climate and declining government interest and support.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-06 |title=Olive rush dries up in Rajasthan, but dreams are alive |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/olive-rush-dries-up-in-rajasthan-but-dreams-are-alive/articleshow/116973791.cms |access-date=2025-03-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> 

==== Global expansion ====
Amid ongoing [[Climate change|climate warming]], several small-scale olive production farms have also been established at fairly high latitudes in Europe and North America since the early 21st century, including in the United Kingdom, Germany, and Canada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Das nördlichste Olivenöl der Welt |trans-title=The northernmost olive oil in the world |url=https://www.obst-und-garten.de/das-noerdlichste-olivenoel-der-welt,QUlEPTY3MzQyMzYmTUlEPTEwMDAx.html |access-date=2023-02-28 |website=Obst & Garten |date=26 November 2020 |language=de |archive-date=2023-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228172422/https://www.obst-und-garten.de/Das-noerdlichste-Olivenoel-der-Welt,QUlEPTY3MzQyMzYmTUlEPTEwMDAx.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/britain-s-first-olive-grove-is-a-sign-of-our-hotter-times-6097129.html | title=Britain's first olive grove is a sign of our hotter times | work=[[The Independent]] | accessdate=3 March 2023 | author=McCarthy, Michael | archive-date=10 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410081829/https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/britain-s-first-olive-grove-is-a-sign-of-our-hotter-times-6097129.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/first-welsh-olive-grove-planted-2262852 | title=First Welsh olive grove planted on Anglesey | work=[[WalesOnline]] | date=30 April 2007 | accessdate=3 March 2023 | archive-date=6 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406122059/https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/first-welsh-olive-grove-planted-2262852 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.oliveoiltimes.com/olive-oil-basics/canadian-farmer-succeeds-with-olives-and-gives-kelp-seaweed-some-of-the-credit/47124|title=Canadian Farmer Succeeds with Olives and Gives Kelp Seaweed Some of the Credit|last=Adams|first=Barbara|date=2015-03-26|work=Olive Oil Times|access-date=2023-03-05|archive-date=2017-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224054644/https://www.oliveoiltimes.com/olive-oil-basics/canadian-farmer-succeeds-with-olives-and-gives-kelp-seaweed-some-of-the-credit/47124|url-status=live}}</ref>