Editing Ohio (section)

===20th century===
The state legislature officially adopted the [[flag of Ohio]] on May 9, 1902.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Ohio%27s_State_Flag_(1901)|title=Ohio's State Flag (1901)|publisher=Ohio History Central|access-date=February 21, 2022|archive-date=February 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221222949/https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Ohio%27s_State_Flag_(1901)|url-status=live}}</ref> Dayton natives [[Orville and Wilbur Wright]] made four brief flights at [[Kitty Hawk, North Carolina]], on December 17, 1903, inventing the first successful airplane.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/wright-brothers/online/fly/1903/|title=The Wright Brothers - The First Successful Airplane|publisher=National Air and Space Museum|access-date=February 21, 2022|archive-date=February 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221222940/https://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/wright-brothers/online/fly/1903/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ohio was hit by its greatest natural disaster in the [[Great Flood of 1913]], resulting in at least 428 fatalities and hundreds of millions of dollars in property damage, particularly around the [[Great Miami River]] basin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/1913_Ohio_Statewide_Flood|title=1913 Ohio Statewide Flood|publisher=Ohio History Central|access-date=February 21, 2022|archive-date=February 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221222944/https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/1913_Ohio_Statewide_Flood|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[National Football League]] was originally founded in [[Canton, Ohio]] in 1920 as the American Professional Football Conference.<ref name="profootballhof.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.profootballhof.com/football-history/history-of-football/1869-1939/1920-american-professional-football-conference-is-formed/ |title=Timeline Detail &#124; Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site |access-date=September 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915042600/http://www.profootballhof.com/football-history/history-of-football/1869-1939/1920-american-professional-football-conference-is-formed/ |archive-date=September 15, 2018 |url-status=live  }}</ref> It included [[Ohio League]] teams in five Ohio cities (Akron, Canton, Cleveland, Columbus, and Dayton), none of which still exist. The first official game occurred on October 3, 1920, when the [[Dayton Triangles]] beat the [[Columbus Panhandles]] 14–0 in Dayton.<ref name="daytonlocal.com">{{Cite web | url=http://www.daytonlocal.com/blog/community/triangle-park-site-of-first-game-in-the-nfl.asp | title=Triangle Park: Site of First Game In The NFL | access-date=February 21, 2022 | archive-date=February 21, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221222947/https://www.daytonlocal.com/blog/community/triangle-park-site-of-first-game-in-the-nfl.asp | url-status=live }}</ref> Canton was enshrined as the home of the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] in 1963.<ref name="Akron-Canton Football Heritage">{{cite book |last1=Maroon |first1=Thomas |last2=Maroon |first2=Margaret |last3=Holbert |first3=Craig |title=Akron-Canton Football Heritage |date=2006 |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |isbn=978-0-7385-4078-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xn8OgEg-Az4C&pg=PA117 |access-date=January 5, 2022 |archive-date=January 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107195147/https://books.google.com/books?id=xn8OgEg-Az4C&pg=PA117 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:A scene in a steel mill, Republic Steel, Youngstown, Ohio.jpg|thumb|[[Iron]] being converted to [[steel]] for wartime efforts at Youngstown's [[Republic Steel]] in 1941.]]

During the 1930s, the [[Great Depression in the United States|Great Depression]] struck the state hard. By 1933, more than 40% of factory workers and 67% of construction workers were unemployed in Ohio.<ref name="greatdepression">{{cite web |url=https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Great_Depression|title=Great Depression|publisher=Ohio History Central|access-date=February 21, 2022 |archive-date=February 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221222943/https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Great_Depression|url-status=live}}</ref> Approximately 50% of industrial workers in Cleveland and 80% in Toledo became unemployed, with the state unemployment rate reaching a high of 37.3%.<ref name="greatdepression"/> American Jews watched the rise of [[Nazi Germany]] with apprehension. Cleveland residents [[Jerry Siegel]] and [[Joe Shuster]] created the [[Superman]] comic character in the spirit of the Jewish [[golem]]. Many of their comics portrayed Superman fighting and defeating the [[Nazis]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/superman.htm |title=The SS and Superman |first=Randall |last=Bytwerk |website=Calvin.edu |access-date=August 17, 2017 |archive-date=June 26, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626231453/http://research.calvin.edu/german-propaganda-archive/superman.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adherents.com/lit/comics/Superman.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120717013856/http://www.adherents.com/lit/comics/Superman.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=July 17, 2012 |title=The religion of Superman (Clark Kent / Kal-El) |website=Adherents.com |access-date=August 17, 2017 }}</ref> Approximately 839,000 Ohioans served in the U.S. armed forces during [[World War II]], of whom over 23,000 died or were missing in action.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/World_War_II|title=1913 Ohio Statewide Flood|publisher=World War II|access-date=February 21, 2022 |archive-date=February 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221222942/https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/World_War_II|url-status=live}}</ref>

Artists, writers, musicians and actors developed in the state throughout the 20th century and often moved to other cities that were larger centers for their work. They included [[Zane Grey]], [[Milton Caniff]], [[George Bellows]], [[Art Tatum]], [[Roy Lichtenstein]], and [[Roy Rogers]]. [[Alan Freed]], who emerged from the swing dance culture in Cleveland, hosted the first live rock 'n roll concert in Cleveland in 1952. Famous filmmakers include [[Steven Spielberg]], [[Chris Columbus (filmmaker)|Chris Columbus]] and the original [[Warner Brothers]], who set up their first movie theatre in Youngstown before the company relocated to California. The state produced many popular musicians, including [[Dean Martin]], [[Doris Day]], [[The O'Jays]], [[Marilyn Manson]], [[Dave Grohl]], [[Devo]], [[Macy Gray]] and [[The Isley Brothers]].

Two Ohio [[astronauts]] completed significant milestones in the [[space race]] in the 1960s: [[John Glenn]] becoming the [[Mercury-Atlas 6|first American to orbit the Earth]], and [[Neil Armstrong]] becoming the [[Apollo 11#Lunar surface operations|first human to walk on the Moon]]. In 1967, [[Carl Stokes]] was [[1967 Cleveland mayoral election|elected]] mayor of Cleveland and became the first African American mayor of one of the nation's 10 most populous cities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Carl_B._Stokes|title=Carl B. Stokes |publisher=Ohio History Central|access-date=February 21, 2022|archive-date=February 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221222943/https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Carl_B._Stokes|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1970, an [[Ohio Army National Guard]] unit [[Kent State shootings|fired at students]] during an antiwar protest at [[Kent State University]], killing four and wounding nine. The Guard had been called onto campus after several protests in and around campus became violent, including a riot in downtown Kent and the burning of an [[Reserve Officers' Training Corps|ROTC]] building. The main cause of the protests was the United States' [[Cambodian Campaign|invasion of Cambodia]] during the [[Vietnam War]].<ref>Hildebrand, Herrington, & Keller; pp. 165–166</ref>

Ohio was an important state in the developing ties between the [[China–United States relations|United States and the People's Republic of China]] in the late 1970s and early 1980s.<ref name=":05">{{Cite book |last=Lampton |first=David M. |title=Living U.S.-China relations: From Cold War to Cold War |date=2024 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-1-5381-8725-8 |location=Lanham, MD |pages= |author-link=David M. Lampton}}</ref>{{Rp|page=59}}  Relations between the two countries normalized in 1979, during the second term of Ohio governor [[Jim Rhodes]].<ref name=":05" />{{Rp|page=112}} Rhodes sought to encourage  economic ties, viewing China as a potential market for Ohio machinery exports.<ref name=":05" />{{Rp|page=112}} In July 1979, Rhodes led a State of Ohio [[Trade mission|Trade Mission]] to China.<ref name=":05" />{{Rp|page=112}} The trip resulted in developing economic ties, a sister state-province relationship with [[Hubei|Hubei province]], long-running Chinese exhibitions at the [[Ohio State Fair]], and major academic exchanges between Ohio State University and [[Wuhan University]].<ref name=":05" />{{Rp|page=113}} Beginning in the 1980s, the state entered into international economic and resource cooperation treaties and organizations with other [[Midwestern]] states, as well as [[New York (state)|New York]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[Ontario]], and [[Quebec]], including the [[Great Lakes Charter]], [[Great Lakes Compact]], and the [[Council of Great Lakes Governors]].