Editing Offa of Mercia (section)

==European connections==
Offa's diplomatic relations with Europe are well documented, but appear to belong only to the last dozen years of his reign.<ref name=Stenton_215/> In letters dating from the late 780s or early 790s, [[Alcuin]] congratulates Offa for encouraging education and greets Offa's wife and son, [[Cynethryth]] and [[Ecgfrith]].<ref name=Kirby_175>Kirby, ''Earliest English Kings'', p.&nbsp;175.</ref><ref name=EHD_195>Whitelock, ''English Historical Documents'', 195, pp.&nbsp;779–780.</ref> In about 789, or shortly before, [[Charlemagne]] proposed that his son Charles marry one of Offa's daughters, most likely [[Ælfflæd]]. Offa countered with a request that his son Ecgfrith should also marry Charlemagne's daughter Bertha: Charlemagne was outraged by the request, and broke off contact with Britain, forbidding English ships from landing in his ports. Alcuin's letters make it clear that by the end of 790 the dispute was still not resolved, and that Alcuin was hoping to be sent to help make peace. In the end diplomatic relations were restored, at least partly by the agency of Gervold, the abbot of [[Abbey of Saint Wandrille|St Wandrille]].<ref name=Stenton_220>Stenton, ''Anglo-Saxon England'', p.&nbsp;220.</ref><ref name=EHD_20>Whitelock, ''English Historical Documents'', 20, p.&nbsp;313.</ref>

Charlemagne sought support from the English church at the [[council of Frankfurt]] in 794, where the canons passed in 787 at the [[Second Council of Nicaea]] were repudiated, and the heresies of two Spanish bishops, [[Felix (bishop of Urgell)|Felix]] and [[Elipandus]], were condemned.<ref name=Stenton_219>Stenton, ''Anglo-Saxon England'', p.&nbsp;219.</ref> In 796 Charlemagne wrote to Offa; the letter survives and refers to a previous letter of Offa's to Charlemagne. This correspondence between the two kings produced the first surviving documents in English diplomatic history.<ref name=Stenton_215/> The letter is primarily concerned with the status of English pilgrims on the continent and with diplomatic gifts, but it reveals much about the relations between the English and the [[Franks]].<ref name=Stenton_220/> Charlemagne refers to Offa as his "brother", and mentions trade in black stones, sent from the continent to England, and cloaks (or possibly cloths), traded from England to the Franks.<ref name="EHD 198, 782–784">Whitelock, ''English Historical Documents'', 198, pp.&nbsp;782–784.</ref> Charlemagne's letter also refers to exiles from England, naming Odberht, who was almost certainly the same person as [[Eadberht III Præn|Eadberht Præn]], among them. [[Egbert of Wessex]] was another refugee from Offa who took shelter at the Frankish court. It is clear that Charlemagne's policy included support for elements opposed to Offa; in addition to sheltering Egbert and Eadberht he also sent gifts to [[Æthelred I of Northumbria]].<ref name=Kirby_176-7>Kirby, ''Earliest English Kings'', pp.&nbsp;176–177.</ref>

Events in southern Britain to 796 have sometimes been portrayed as a struggle between Offa and Charlemagne, but the disparity in their power was enormous. By 796 Charlemagne had become master of an empire which stretched from the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the [[Great Hungarian Plain]], and Offa and then [[Coenwulf of Mercia|Coenwulf]] were clearly minor figures by comparison.<ref>[[Janet L. Nelson|Nelson, Janet]], "Carolingian Contacts" in Brown & Farr, ''Mercia'', especially pp.&nbsp;139–143. For the contrary view, see Wormald, "The Age of Offa and Alcuin", pp.&nbsp;101–106.</ref>