Editing Observational learning (section)

===Learning without imitation===
[[Michael Tomasello]] described various ways of observational learning without the process of imitation in animals<ref>Tomasello, M. (1999). The cultural origins of human cognition. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 248 pp.</ref> ([[ethology]]):
* Exposure – Individuals learn about their environment through close proximity to other individuals that have more experience. For example, a young dolphin learning the location of a plethora of fish by staying near its mother.
* [[Stimulus (psychology)|Stimulus]] enhancement – Individuals become interested in an object from watching others interact with it.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Spence | first1 = K. W. | year = 1937 | title = Experimental studies of learning and higher mental processes in infra-human primates | journal = Psychological Bulletin | volume = 34 | issue = 10| pages = 806–850 | doi=10.1037/h0061498}}</ref> Increased interest in an object may result in object manipulation, which facilitates new object-related behaviors by trial-and-error learning. For example, a young killer whale might become interested in playing with a sea lion pup after watching other whales toss the sea lion pup around. After playing with the pup, the killer whale may develop foraging behaviors appropriate to such prey. In this case, the killer whale did not learn to prey on sea lions by observing other whales do so, but rather the killer whale became intrigued after observing other whales play with the pup. After the killer whale became interested, then its interactions with the sea lion resulted in behaviors that provoked future foraging efforts.
* Goal [[emulation (observational learning)|emulation]] – Individuals are enticed by the end result of an observed behavior and attempt the same outcome but with a different method. For example, Haggerty (1909) devised an experiment in which a monkey climbed up the side of a cage, stuck its arm into a wooden chute, and pulled a rope in the chute to release food. Another monkey was provided an opportunity to obtain the food after watching a monkey go through this process on four separate occasions. The monkey performed a different method and finally succeeded after trial and error.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Haggerty | first1 = M. E. | year = 1909 | title = Imitation in monkeys | url =https://zenodo.org/record/1426775 | journal = Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology | volume = 19 | issue = 4| pages = 337–455 | doi=10.1002/cne.920190402}}</ref>