Editing Norwich (section)

===20th century===
[[File:Waterloo Park Norwich Herbaceous Border.JPG|thumb|Waterloo Park, one of six parks built during the 1930s to help alleviate unemployment in the city]]

In the early 20th century, Norwich still had several major manufacturing industries. Among them were the large-scale and bespoke manufacture of shoes (for example the [[Start-rite]] and Van Dal brands, Bowhill & Elliott and Cheney & Sons Ltd respectively), clothing, joinery (including the cabinet makers and furniture retailer [[Arthur Brett and Sons]], which continues in business in the 21st century), structural engineering, and aircraft design and manufacture. Notable employers included [[Boulton & Paul]], Barnards (iron founders and inventors of machine-produced [[wire netting]]), and the electrical engineers Laurence Scott and Electromotors.

Norwich also has a long association with chocolate making, mainly through the local firm of Caley's, which began as a manufacturer and bottler of mineral water and later diversified into chocolate and [[Christmas crackers]]. The Caley's cracker-manufacturing business was taken over by Tom Smith in 1953,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tomsmithcrackers.co.uk/ |title=Tom Smith Crackers |publisher=Tom Smith Crackers |access-date=13 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827125125/http://www.tomsmithcrackers.co.uk/ |archive-date=27 August 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and the Norwich factory in Salhouse Road closed in 1998. Caley's was acquired by Mackintosh in the 1930s and merged with [[Rowntree's]] in 1969 to become Rowntree-Mackintosh. Finally, it was bought by [[Nestlé]] and closed in 1996, with all operations moving to [[York]] after a Norwich association of 120 years. The demolished factory stood where the Chapelfield development is now. Caley's chocolate has since reappeared as a brand in the city, though it is no longer made there.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.edp24.co.uk/content/edp24/news/story.aspx?brand=EDPOnline&category=News&tBrand=EDPOnline&tCategory=xDefault&itemid=NOED17%20Jul%202010%2008%3A08%3A21%3A243 |newspaper=Eastern Daily Press |title=Caley's New Cocoa Cafe |access-date=17 July 2010}}</ref>

[[HMSO]], once the official publishing and stationery arm of the British government and one of the largest print buyers, printers and suppliers of office equipment in the UK, moved most of its operations from London to Norwich in the 1970s. It occupied the purpose-built 1968 Sovereign House building, near Anglia Square, which in 2017 stood empty and due for demolition if a long-postponed redevelopment of Anglia Square went ahead.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://c20society.org.uk/building-of-the-month/sovereign-house-norwich|title=Sovereign House, Norwich – The Twentieth Century Society|website=c20society.org.uk}}</ref>

[[File:Jarrolds.JPG|thumb|[[Jarrolds]] department store has been based in Norwich since 1823.]]

[[Jarrolds]], established in 1810, was a nationally well-known printer and publisher. In 2004, after nearly 200 years, the printing and publishing businesses were sold. Today, the company remains privately owned and the Jarrold name is best recognised as being that of Norwich's only independent [[department store]]. The company is also active in property development in Norwich and has a business training division.<ref>[http://www.jarrold.co.uk/index.html Jarrold's store] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091101022117/http://www.jarrold.co.uk/index.html |date=1 November 2009}} Retrieved 16 November 2009.</ref>

====Pubs and brewing====
The city had a long tradition of brewing.<ref>[http://www.museums.norfolk.gov.uk/default.asp?Document=400.740.51x2 Norfolk Museums & Archaeology Service website] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727215221/http://www.museums.norfolk.gov.uk/default.asp?Document=400.740.51x2 |date=27 July 2011}} — "Brewing in Norwich".</ref> Several large [[brewery|breweries]] continued into the second half of the 20th century, notably Morgans, [[Steward & Patteson]], Youngs Crawshay and Youngs, Bullard and Son, and the Norwich Brewery. Despite takeovers and consolidation in the 1950s and 1960s, only the Norwich Brewery (owned by [[Watney Combe & Reid|Watney Mann]] and on the site of Morgans) remained by the 1970s. That too closed in 1985 and was then demolished. Only [[Microbrewery|microbreweries]] remain today.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Holmes |first=Frances and Michael |title=Norwich Pubs and Breweries Past and Present |publisher=Norwich Heritage Projects |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-9566272-2-3}}</ref>

It was stated by Walter Wicks in his book that Norwich once had "a pub for every day of the year and a church for every Sunday". This was in fact significantly under the actual amount: the highest number of pubs in the city was in the year 1870, with over 780 beer-houses. A "Drink Map" produced in 1892 by the Norwich and Norfolk Gospel Temperance Union showed 631 pubs in and around the city centre. By 1900, the number had dropped to 441 pubs within the City Walls. The title of a pub for every day of the year survived until 1966, when the Chief Constable informed the Licensing Justices that only 355 licences were still operative, with the number still shrinking: over 25 had closed in the last decade.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.edp24.co.uk/news/the-city-of-pubs-but-more-than-25-have-closed-in-the-past-decade-1-5176681 |title=The city of pubs – but more than 25 have closed in the past decade |last=Betts |first=Marc |work=Eastern Daily Press |access-date=29 August 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830041430/http://www.edp24.co.uk/news/the-city-of-pubs-but-more-than-25-have-closed-in-the-past-decade-1-5176681 |archive-date=30 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, about 100 pubs remained open around the city centre.

====Second World War====
{{main|Norwich Blitz}}
Norwich suffered extensive bomb damage during [[World War II]], affecting large parts of the old city centre and Victorian terrace housing around the centre. Industry and the rail infrastructure also suffered. The heaviest raids occurred on the nights of 27/28 and 29/30 April 1942; as part of the [[Baedeker raids]] (so-called because Baedeker's series of tourist guides to the [[British Isles]] were used to select propaganda-rich targets of cultural and historic significance rather than strategic importance). [[Lord Haw-Haw]] made reference to the imminent destruction of Norwich's new [[City Hall, Norwich|City Hall]] (completed in 1938), although in the event it survived unscathed. Significant targets hit included the Morgan's Brewery building, [[Colman's]] [[Wincarnis]] works, [[Norwich City railway station|City Station]], the Mackintosh chocolate factory, and shopping areas including St Stephen's St and St Benedict's St, the site of Bond's [[department store]] (now [[John Lewis (department store)|John Lewis]]) and Curl's (later Debenhams) department store.

229 citizens were killed in the two Baedeker raids with 1,000 others injured, and 340 by bombing throughout the war — giving Norwich the highest air raid casualties in Eastern England. Out of the 35,000 domestic dwellings in Norwich, 2,000 were destroyed, and another 27,000 suffered some damage.<ref name="oldcity.org.uk">{{Cite web |url=http://www.oldcity.org.uk/norwich/history/history09.php |title=A History of Norwich – 20th Century Norwich |website=www.oldcity.org.uk |access-date=5 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205074817/http://www.oldcity.org.uk/norwich/history/history09.php |archive-date=5 February 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1945 the city was also the intended target of a brief [[V-2 rocket]] campaign, though all these missed the city itself.<ref>4 Civil Defence Region bombing reports at National Archive</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Air Raid!: The Enemy Air Offensive against East Anglia, 1939–45 |last=Bowyer |first=Michael |publisher=Patrick Stephens |location=Wellingborough |date=1986 |isbn=9780850596854}} {{page needed|date=May 2020}}</ref>

====Post-war redevelopment====
[[File:Norfolk Terrace.JPG|thumb|The [[University of East Anglia]], which opened in 1963]]

As the war ended, the city council revealed what it had been working on before the war. It was published as a book – ''The City of Norwich Plan 1945'' or commonly known as "The '45 Plan"<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.invisibleworks.co.uk/the-1945-plan/ |title=Imagined futures past: '45 Plan – Invisible Works |date=13 May 2014 |work=Invisible Works |access-date=5 August 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805231040/https://www.invisibleworks.co.uk/the-1945-plan/ |archive-date=5 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> – a grandiose scheme of massive redevelopment which never properly materialised. However, throughout the 1960s to early 1970, the city was completely altered and large areas of Norwich were cleared to make way for modern redevelopment.

In 1960, the inner-city district of Richmond, between Ber Street and King Street, locally known as "the Village on the Hill", was condemned as slums and many residents were forced to leave by [[compulsory purchase order]]s on the old terraces and lanes. The whole borough demolished consisted of some 56 acres of existing streets, including 833 dwellings (612 classed as unfit for human habitation), 42 shops, four offices, 22 public houses and two schools.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.eveningnews24.co.uk/views/derek-james/returning-to-the-lost-village-on-the-hill-in-old-norwich-1-1697965 |title=Returning to the lost "village on the hill" in old Norwich |last=James |first=Derek |work=Norwich Evening News |access-date=30 August 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830110811/http://www.eveningnews24.co.uk/views/derek-james/returning-to-the-lost-village-on-the-hill-in-old-norwich-1-1697965 |archive-date=30 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Communities were moved to high-rise buildings such as Normandie Tower and new housing estates such as Tuckswood, which were being built at the time. A new road, Rouen Road, was developed instead, consisting mainly of light industrial units and council flats. [[Ber Street, Norwich|Ber Street]], a once historic main road into the city, had its whole eastern side demolished. About this time, the final part of St Peters Street, opposite [[St Peter Mancroft]] Church, were demolished along with large Georgian townhouses at the top of Bethel Street, to make way for the new City Library in 1961.<ref name="oldcity.org.uk"/> This burnt down on 1 August 1994 and was replaced in 2001 by [[The Forum, Norwich|The Forum]].

A controversial plan was implemented for Norwich's inner ring-road in the late 1960s. In 1931, the city architect Robert Atkinson, referring to the City Wall, remarked that "in almost every position are slum dwellings put up during the last 50 years. It would be a great adventure to clear them all out and open up the road following the wall which has always been a natural highway. Do this, and you will have a wonderful circulating boulevard all around the city and its cost would be comparatively nothing."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gas Hill to Harvey Lane |url=http://www.georgeplunkett.co.uk/Norwich/gas.htm |website=www.georgeplunkett.co.uk |access-date=7 May 2020 |archive-date=26 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926174935/http://www.georgeplunkett.co.uk/Norwich/gas.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> To accommodate the road, many more buildings were demolished, including an ancient road junction – Stump Cross. Magdalen Street, Botolph Street, St George's Street, Calvert Street and notably Pitt Street, all lined with Tudor and Georgian buildings, were cleared to make way for a fly-over and a [[Brutalist architecture|Brutalist]] concrete shopping centre – [[Anglia Square Shopping Centre, Norwich|Anglia Square]] – as well as office blocks such as an [[Office of Public Sector Information|HMSO]] building, Sovereign House. Other areas affected were Grapes Hill, a once narrow lane lined with 19th-century Georgian cottages, which was cleared and widened into a dual carriageway leading to a roundabout. Shortly before construction of the roundabout, the city's old [[Chapel Field Road drill hall|Drill Hall]] was demolished, along with sections of the original city wall and other large townhouses along the start of Unthank Road (named after the Unthank family, local landowners).<ref>{{Cite web |last1=James |first1=Derek |title=The real story behind Unthank Road |url=https://www.eveningnews24.co.uk/views/norwich-golden-triangle-unthank-derek-james-1-5352280 |website=Evening News |date=12 January 2018 |access-date=25 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125184433/https://www.eveningnews24.co.uk/views/norwich-golden-triangle-unthank-derek-james-1-5352280 |archive-date=25 January 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> 

The roundabout also required the north-west corner of [[Chapelfield Gardens]] to be demolished. About a mile of Georgian and Victorian terrace houses along Chapelfield Road and Queens Road, including many houses built into the city walls, was bulldozed in 1964. This included the surrounding district off Vauxhall Street, consisting of swathes of terrace housing that were condemned as slums. This also included the whole West Pottergate district, which contained a mix of 18th and 19th-century cottages and terraced housing, pubs and shops. Post-war housing and maisonettes flats now stand where the [[Rookery (slum)|Rookery slums]] once did. Some aspects of The '45 Plan were put into action, which saw large three-story Edwardian houses in Grove Avenue and Grove Road, and other large properties on Southwell Road, demolished in 1962 to make way for flat-roofed single-story style maisonettes that still stand today.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://norfolk.spydus.co.uk/cgi-bin/spydus.exe/FULL/PICNOR/BIBENQ/155332801/2219614,5?FMT=IMG |title=Spydus – Image Display – Record 5 of 8 |website=Civica |publisher=Norfolk County Council |language=en |access-date=9 September 2018 |archive-date=28 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528133028/https://norfolk.spydus.co.uk/cgi-bin/spydus.exe/FULL/PICNOR/BIBENQ/155332801/2219614,5?FMT=IMG |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Heigham (Norwich)|Heigham]] Hall, a large Victorian manor house off Old Palace Road was also demolished in 1963, to build Dolphin Grove flats, which housed many Norwich families displaced by [[Slum clearance in the United Kingdom|slum clearance]].

Other housing developments in the private and public sector took place after the Second World War, partly to accommodate the growing population of the city and to replace condemned and bomb-damaged areas, such as the [[Heigham (Norwich)|Heigham Grove]] district between Barn Road and Old Palace Road, where some 200 terraced houses, shops and pubs were all flattened. Only St Barnabas church and one public house, The West End Retreat, now remain. Another central street bulldozed during the 1960s was St Stephens Street. It was widened, clearing away many historically significant buildings in the process, firstly for Norwich Union's new office blocks and shortly after with new buildings, after it suffered damage during the Baedeker raids. In Surrey Street, several grand six-storey Georgian townhouses were demolished to make way for Norwich Union's office. Other notable buildings that were lost were three theatres (the Norwich Hippodrome on St Giles Street, which is now a multi-storey car park, the Grosvenor Rooms and Electric Theatre in Prince of Wales Road) The Norwich Corn Exchange in Exchange Street (built 1861, demolished 1964), the Free Library in Duke Street (built 1857, demolished 1963) and the Great Eastern Hotel, which faced Norwich Station. Two large churches, the Chapel Field East Congregational church<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eveningnews24.co.uk/news/memories-of-a-lost-norwich-church-1720824 |title=Memories of a lost Norwich church |first=Derek |last=James |date=23 February 2011 |website=Norwich Evening News}}</ref> (built 1858, demolished 1972) was pulled down, as well as the {{convert|100|foot|adj=on}} tall Presbyterian church in Theatre Street, built in 1874 and designed by local architect [[Edward Boardman]]. It has been said that more of Norwich's architecture was destroyed by the council in post-war redevelopment schemes than during the Second World War.{{Cn|date=August 2024}}

====Other events====
In 1976 the city's pioneering spirit was on show when Motum Road in Norwich, allegedly the scene of "a number of accidents over the years", became the third road in Britain to be equipped with [[sleeping policemen]], intended to encourage adherence to the road's {{cvt|30|mph|km/h}} speed limit.<ref name=Autocar197605>{{Cite journal |journal=[[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]] |volume=144 |issue=4147 |title=News: Humps – another road |page=2 |date=1 May 1976}}</ref> The bumps, installed at intervals of {{convert|50|and|150|yards}}, stretched {{convert|12|feet}} across the width of the road and their curved profile was, at its highest point, {{cvt|4|inch|cm}} high.<ref name=Autocar197605/> The responsible [[Transport Research Laboratory|quango]] gave an assurance that the experimental devices would be removed not more than one year after installation.<ref name=Autocar197605/>

From 1980 to 1985 the city became a frequent focus of national media due to squatting in [[Argyle Street, Norwich|Argyle Street]], a Victorian street that was demolished in 1986, despite being the last street to survive the Richmond Hill redevelopment. On 23 November 1981, a minor [[1981 United Kingdom tornado outbreak|F0/T1 tornado]] struck Norwich as part of a record-breaking nationwide tornado outbreak, causing minor damage in Norwich city centre and surrounding suburbs.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eswd.eu/cgi-bin/eswd.cgi |title=European Severe Weather Database |access-date=22 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222045014/http://www.eswd.eu/cgi-bin/eswd.cgi |archive-date=22 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>