Editing Normandy (section)

===13th to 17th centuries===
[[File:Joan of arc burning at stake.jpg|thumb|[[Joan of Arc]] about to be burned at the stake in the city of [[Rouen]], painting by [[Jules Eugène Lenepveu]]]]
In 1204, during the reign of [[John, King of England]], mainland Normandy was captured from the English by the forces of [[Philip II of France]], ending some 293 years of relative Norman independence from the French crown. Insular Normandy (the Channel Islands) remained under control of the English, though still attached to the ecclesiastical province of Rouen. In the 1259 [[Treaty of Paris (1259)|Treaty of Paris]], [[Henry III of England]] recognized the legitimacy of the French possession of mainland Normandy. His successors, however, often fought to regain control of their ancient fiefdom.

The ''Charte aux Normands'' granted by [[Louis X of France]] in 1315 (and later re-confirmed in 1339) – like the analogous [[Magna Carta]] granted in England in the aftermath of 1204 – guaranteed the liberties and privileges of the province of Normandy.

Normandy was devastated by various civil wars and the [[Hundred Years' War]]. Between 1419 and 1450, the English controlled all of Normandy apart from [[Mont-Saint-Michel]], and made Rouen the seat of their power in France. Normandy ultimately saw its population decline by three quarters as a result of the various conflicts which took place in the region during the late Middle Ages.<ref>{{cite book| author = Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie| title = The French Peasantry: 1450–1660| url = https://archive.org/details/frenchpeasantry10000lero| url-access = registration| year = 1987| publisher = University of California Press| isbn = 978-0-520-05523-0| page = [https://archive.org/details/frenchpeasantry10000lero/page/32 32] }}</ref> Afterwards, prosperity returned to Normandy until the [[French Wars of Religion|Wars of Religion]]. When many Norman towns ([[Alençon]], Rouen, [[Caen]], [[Coutances]], [[Bayeux]]) joined the [[Protestant Reformation]], battles ensued throughout the province. In the Channel Islands, a period of [[Calvinism]] following the Reformation was suppressed when [[Anglicanism]] was imposed following the [[Stuart Restoration]].

[[Samuel de Champlain]] left the port of [[Honfleur]] in 1604 and founded [[Acadia]]. Four years later, he founded the City of Québec. From then onwards, Normans engaged in a policy of expansion in North America. They continued the exploration of the New World: [[René-Robert Cavelier de La Salle]] travelled in the area of the [[Great Lakes]], then on the [[Mississippi River]]. [[Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville]] and his brother [[Lemoyne de Bienville]] founded [[Louisiana]], [[Biloxi, Mississippi|Biloxi]], Mobile and New Orleans. Territories located between Québec and the [[Mississippi Delta]] were opened up to establish [[Canada (New France)|Canada]] and [[Louisiana (New France)|Louisiana]]. Colonists from Normandy were among the most active in [[New France]], comprising [[Acadia]], Canada, and Louisiana.

Honfleur and [[Le Havre]] were two of the principal [[Atlantic slave trade|slave trade]] ports of France.