Editing Newton, Massachusetts (section)

===Geological history===

{{main|List of stratigraphic units and structural features in Massachusetts}}
Geologically Newton is located within the topographic lowland of the Boston Basin of the [[Appalachian Mountains|Appalachian Mountain]] chain.<ref>[https://www.newtonma.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/80915/63780609156097000 Geology of Newton by James W. Skehan, S.J. and Catherine W. Barton]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Boston |first1=Mailing Address: 15 State Street 4th Floor |last2=Us |first2=MA 02109 Phone: 617 223-8666 Contact |title=Geologic Formations - Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area (U.S. National Park Service) |url=https://www.nps.gov/boha/learn/nature/geologicformations.htm |access-date=January 9, 2023 |website=www.nps.gov |language=en}}</ref> This lowland is surrounded by a ring of highland [[drumlin]]s which were left after the last glaciation twelve thousand years ago.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bathymetric Data Viewer |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/maps/bathymetry/ |access-date=January 9, 2023 |website=www.ncei.noaa.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Glaciers and Boston |url=https://bostongeology.com/boston/geology/islands/glaciers/glaciers.htm |access-date=January 9, 2023 |website=bostongeology.com}}</ref>

There are several unique outcroppings of rocks around Newton where geologic history revealing of how territory have formed and has changed over the past hundreds millions of years of drift supercontinents and ancient oceans, earthquake activity associated with volcanism and related faulting activity and changing climate. There are mainly three types of bedrock: [[Roxbury Conglomerate]], Cambridge Argillite or Slate, and Brighton Volcanics and the [[Mattapan Volcanic Complex|Mattapan Volcanics]] pre-Cambrian foundation of Dedham Granodiorite. The Boston Border Fault and the Shawmut anticline of Newton formed as the alpine mountains of east-central Massachusetts were created.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=http://newtongeology.weebly.com/history.html |access-date=January 9, 2023 |website=The Geologic History of Newton, MA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Share |first=Dr Jack |date=March 13, 2011 |title=Written In Stone...seen through my lens: Architectural Geology of Boston: The Roxbury Conglomerate (Puddingstone) Part I – The Tectonic Evolution and Journey of Avalonia |url=https://written-in-stone-seen-through-my-lens.blogspot.com/2011/03/architectural-geology-of-boston-roxbury.html |access-date=January 9, 2023 |website=Written In Stone...seen through my lens}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Written In Stone...seen through my lens |url=https://written-in-stone-seen-through-my-lens.blogspot.com/2011/03/ |access-date=January 9, 2023 |website=written-in-stone-seen-through-my-lens.blogspot.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thompson |first=Margaret |title=Bedrock geologic map of the Newton 7.5' quadrangle, Middlesex, Norfolk and Suffolk counties, Massachusetts |url=https://mgs.geo.umass.edu/newton |access-date=January 9, 2023 |website=mgs.geo.umass.edu}}</ref><ref>[https://newtonconservators.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/18_09_geology.pdf Introduction to the Bedrock Geology of Newton]</ref><ref>[https://www.cityofboston.gov/images_documents/Section%204%20OSP1521%20Env%20Inventory_tcm3-48430.pdf Open Space Plan 2015-2021 Section 4 Environmental Inventory & Analysis]</ref> Unique outcroppings rocks exposure has steadily declined as Newton area has become increasingly developed.