Editing Newfoundland and Labrador (section)

==== Beothuk settlement ====
[[File:Labrador Eskimoindianer, nach den Berichten eines Herrnhuter Missionars, 1812.jpg|thumb|upright|Depiction of the [[Inuit]] of Labrador, {{circa|1812}}]]
The appearance of the [[Beothuk]] culture is believed to be the most recent cultural manifestation of peoples who first migrated from Labrador to Newfoundland around 1 AD.<ref name="Marshall">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ckOav3Szu7oC&pg=PA13|page=13|title=A History and Ethnography of the Beothuk|first=Ingeborg|last=Marshall|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-7735-1774-5|access-date=November 18, 2020|archive-date=August 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815185014/https://books.google.com/books?id=ckOav3Szu7oC&pg=PA13|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Inuit]], found mostly in Labrador, are the descendants of what [[anthropologist]]s call the [[Thule people]], who emerged from western Alaska around 1000 AD and spread eastwards across the [[High Arctic tundra]] reaching Labrador around 1300–1500.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanen0000prit|url-access=registration|quote=Inuit migration to labrador.|page=[https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanen0000prit/page/535 535]|title=A Native American encyclopedia: history, culture, and peoples|first=Barry |last=Pritzker|publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000|isbn=978-0-19-513877-1}}</ref> Researchers believe the Dorset culture lacked the dogs, larger weapons and other technologies that gave the expanding Inuit an advantage.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P69EpMJ-C_8C&q=Dorset%20culture%20lacked%20dogs&pg=PA101|page=101|title=Inujjuamiut foraging strategies : evolutionary ecology of an arctic hunting economy|last=Smith|first=Eric Alden|publisher=A. de Gruyter|year=1991|isbn=978-0-202-01181-3|access-date=November 18, 2020|archive-date=August 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814132645/https://books.google.com/books?id=P69EpMJ-C_8C&q=Dorset%20culture%20lacked%20dogs&pg=PA101|url-status=live}}</ref>

The inhabitants eventually organized themselves into small [[Band society|bands]] of a few families, grouped into larger [[tribe]]s and [[chieftainship]]s. The [[Innu]] are the inhabitants of an area they refer to as ''[[Nitassinan]]'', i.e. most of what is now referred to as northeastern [[Quebec]] and Labrador. Their subsistence activities were historically centered on hunting and trapping [[caribou]], [[deer]] and small game.<ref name="Luebering">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bnabh4i3ppMC&q=Innu+traditional+diet&pg=PA37|page=37|title=Native American History|publisher=Educational Britannica Educational|first=J E|last=Luebering|year=2011|isbn=978-1-61530-265-9|access-date=November 18, 2020|archive-date=August 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814103130/https://books.google.com/books?id=Bnabh4i3ppMC&q=Innu+traditional+diet&pg=PA37|url-status=live}}</ref> Coastal clans also practiced agriculture, fished and managed [[maple sugar]] bush.<ref name="Luebering"/> The Innu engaged in tribal warfare along the coast of Labrador with Inuit groups that had large populations.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GkAuYRVjlE8C&q=Innu%20and%20Inuit%20warfare&pg=PA102|page=102|title=Aboriginal peoples of Canada: a short introduction|first=Paul R|last=Magocsi|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8020-3630-8|access-date=November 18, 2020|archive-date=August 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815022128/https://books.google.com/books?id=GkAuYRVjlE8C&q=Innu%20and%20Inuit%20warfare&pg=PA102|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Miꞌkmaq]] of southern Newfoundland spent most of their time on the shores harvesting seafood; during the winter they would move inland to the woods to hunt.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-PRUMG5Ukx4C&q=Mi'kmaq&pg=PA4|page=4|title=Mi'kmaq landscapes: from animism to sacred ecology|first=Anne-Christine|last=Hornborg|publisher=Burlington, VT : Ashgate|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7546-6371-3|access-date=July 16, 2022|archive-date=August 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816163958/https://books.google.com/books?id=-PRUMG5Ukx4C&q=Mi%27kmaq&pg=PA4|url-status=live}}</ref> Over time, the Miꞌkmaq and Innu divided their lands into traditional "districts". Each district was independently governed and had a district chief and a council. The council members were band chiefs, elders and other worthy community leaders.<ref name="William">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UAvyE0pN5akC&q=Place%20names%20of%20Atlantic%20Canada&pg=PA3|page=3|title=Place names of Atlantic Canada|last=William|first=Baillie Hamilton|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-8020-0471-0|access-date=November 18, 2020|archive-date=August 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817225141/https://books.google.com/books?id=UAvyE0pN5akC&q=Place%20names%20of%20Atlantic%20Canada&pg=PA3|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to the district councils, the Miꞌkmaq tribes also developed a Grand Council or ''Santé Mawiómi'', which according to oral tradition was formed before 1600.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0MEQyYggQE8C&pg=PA53|page=53|title=Mi'kmaq Treaties on Trial: History, Land and Donald Marshall Junior|first=William|last=Wicken|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8020-0718-6|access-date=July 16, 2022|archive-date=August 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814214226/https://books.google.com/books?id=0MEQyYggQE8C&q=Mi%27kmaq%20%20Grand%20Council%20formation&pg=PA53|url-status=live}}</ref>