Editing New Imperialism (section)

===Indonesia===
[[File:Dutch East Indies Expansion.png|thumb|Periodization of VOC territorial expansion, and Dutch East Indies period from 1800:
{{legend|#CC0000|1600s}}
{{legend|#003399|1700s}}
{{legend|#3366CC|1800s}}
{{legend|#6699FF|1900–1942}}]]
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Op Timor zijn de posthouder (lokaal ambtenaar) van Pariti dhr. J. Rozet en een groep opstandige bestuurdshoofden van Roti bijeen gekomen om te onderhandelen TMnr 10001652.jpg|thumb|Colonial government official ''J. Rozet'', an [[Indo people|Indo Eurasian]], in negotiation with tribal chiefs ([[Rote Island|Roti Islanders]]), Pariti, Timor, 1896.]]

Formal colonization of the [[Dutch East Indies]] (now [[Indonesia]]) commenced at the dawn of the 19th century when the Dutch state took possession of all [[Dutch East India Company]] (VOC) assets. Before that time the VOC merchants were in principle just another trading power among many, establishing trading posts and settlements (colonies) in strategic places around the archipelago. The Dutch gradually extended their sovereignty over most of the islands in the East Indies. Dutch expansion paused for several years during an interregnum of British rule between 1806 and 1816, when the Dutch Republic was occupied by the French forces of [[Napoleon]]. The Dutch government-in-exile in England ceded rule of all its colonies to Great Britain. However, [[Jan Willem Janssens]], the governor of the Dutch East Indies at the time, fought the British before surrendering the colony; he was eventually replaced by [[Stamford Raffles]].<ref>Bongenaar K.E.M. 'De ontwikkeling van het zelfbesturend landschap in Nederlandsch-Indië.' (Publisher: Walburg Press) {{ISBN|90-5730-267-5}}</ref>

The Dutch East Indies became the prize possession of the [[Dutch Empire]]. It was not the typical settler colony founded through massive emigration from the mother countries (such as the USA or Australia) and hardly involved displacement of the indigenous islanders, with a notable and dramatic exception in the island of [[Banda Islands|Banda]] during the VOC era.<ref>[[Hanna, Willard A.]] 'Indonesian Banda: Colonialism and its Aftermath in the Nutmeg Islands.' (1991).</ref> Neither was it a plantation colony built on the import of slaves (such as Haiti or Jamaica) or a pure trade post colony (such as Singapore or Macau). It was more of an expansion of the existing chain of VOC trading posts. Instead of mass emigration from the homeland, the sizeable indigenous populations were controlled through effective political manipulation supported by military force. The servitude of the indigenous masses was enabled through a structure of indirect governance, keeping existing indigenous rulers in place. This strategy was already established by the VOC, which independently acted as a semi-sovereign state within the Dutch state, using the [[Indo people|Indo Eurasian]] population as an intermediary buffer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.colonialvoyage.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225152729/http://www.colonialvoyage.com/eng/voc/index.html|url-status=dead|title=Colonial Voyage – The website dedicated to the Colonial History|archive-date=25 December 2010|website=Colonial Voyage}}</ref>

In 1869, British anthropologist [[Alfred Russel Wallace]] described the colonial governing structure in his book "[[The Malay Archipelago]]":<ref>Wallace, Alfred Russel (1869) '[[The Malay Archipelago]]', (Publisher: Harper, 1869.) Chapter VII [http://www.papuaweb.org/dlib/bk/wallace/indo-malay.html#vii] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217001555/http://papuaweb.org/dlib/bk/wallace/indo-malay.html#vii|date=17 February 2011}}</ref>

<blockquote>"The mode of government now adopted in Java is to retain the whole series of native rulers, from the village chief up to princes, who, under the name of Regents, are the heads of districts about the size of a small English county. With each Regent is placed a Dutch Resident, or Assistant Resident, who is considered to be his "elder brother," and whose "orders" take the form of "recommendations," which are, however, implicitly obeyed. Along with each Assistant, Resident is a Controller, a kind of inspector of all the lower native rulers, who periodically visits every village in the district, examines the proceedings of the native courts, hears complaints against the head-men or other native chiefs, and superintends the Government plantations."</blockquote>