Editing Nationalism (section)

==== Latin America ====
{{expand section|date=January 2019}}
{{main|Latin American Wars of Independence}}
An upsurge in nationalism in Latin America in the 1810s and 1820s sparked revolutions that cost Spain nearly all of its [[Spanish Empire|colonies]] which were located there.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Miller | first1 = Nicola | year = 2006 | title = The historiography of nationalism and national identity in Latin America | journal = Nations and Nationalism | volume = 12 | issue = 2| pages = 201–221 | doi=10.1111/j.1469-8129.2006.00237.x}}</ref> Spain was at war with Britain from 1798 to 1808, and the British Royal Navy cut off its contacts with its colonies, so nationalism flourished and trade with Spain was suspended. The colonies set up temporary governments or juntas which were effectively independent from Spain. These juntas were established as a result of Napoleon's resistance failure in Spain. They served to determine new leadership and, in colonies like Caracas, abolished the slave trade as well as the Indian tribute.<ref>{{Cite web|title=1810 Juntas Form in Caracas, Buenos Aires, Bogota and Santiago|url=https://research.kent.ac.uk/warandnation/juntas-form-in-caracas-buenos-aires-bogota-and-santiago/|access-date=20 September 2020|website=War and Nation: identity and the process of state-building in South America (1800–1840)|language=en-GB|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411155116/https://research.kent.ac.uk/warandnation/juntas-form-in-caracas-buenos-aires-bogota-and-santiago/|url-status=live}}</ref> The division exploded between Spaniards who were born in Spain (called "peninsulares") versus those of Spanish descent born in [[New Spain]] (called "criollos" in Spanish or "[[Creole peoples|creoles]]" in English). The two groups wrestled for power, with the criollos leading the call for independence. Spain tried to use its armies to fight back but had no help from European powers. Indeed, Britain and the United States worked against Spain, enforcing the [[Monroe Doctrine]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Monroe Doctrine (1823) |url=https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/monroe-doctrine |website=National Archives |date=25 June 2021 |access-date=16 June 2023 |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621172605/https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/monroe-doctrine |url-status=live }}</ref> Spain lost all of its American colonies, except Cuba and Puerto Rico, in a [[Spanish American wars of independence|complex series of revolts]] from 1808 to 1826.<ref>John Lynch, ''The Spanish American Revolutions 1808–1826'' (2nd ed. 1986)</ref>