Editing Naples (section)

=== Italian unification to the present day ===
[[File:Napoli Castel Nuovo museo civico - ingresso di Garibaldi a Napoli - Wenzel bis.jpg|left|thumb|Entrance of [[Giuseppe Garibaldi|Garibaldi]] into Naples on 7 September 1860]]

After the [[Expedition of the Thousand]] led by [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]], which culminated in the controversial [[Siege of Gaeta (1860)|siege of Gaeta]], Naples became part of the [[Kingdom of Italy]] in 1861 as part of the [[Italian unification]], ending the era of Bourbon rule. The economy of the area formerly known as the Two Sicilies as dependant on agriculture suffered the international pressure on prices of wheat, and together with lower sea fares prices lead to an unprecedented [[Italian diaspora|wave of emigration]],<ref name="modern">{{cite news |url=http://www.oah.org/pubs/magazine/migrations/townsend.html |publisher=OAH.org |title=Italians around the World: Teaching Italian Migration from a Transnational Perspective |date=7 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127225428/http://oah.org/pubs/magazine/migrations/townsend.html |archive-date=27 November 2010}}</ref> with an estimated 4&nbsp;million people emigrating from the Naples area between 1876 and 1913.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Enrico |last=Moretti |title=Social Networks and Migrations: Italy 1876–1913 |journal=International Migration Review |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=640–657 |year=1999 |doi=10.2307/2547529 |jstor=2547529}}</ref> In the forty years following unification, the population of Naples grew by only 26%, vs. 63% for Turin and 103% for Milan; however, by 1884, Naples was still the largest city in Italy with 496,499 inhabitants, or roughly 64,000 per square kilometre (more than twice the population density of Paris).<ref name="snowden">{{cite book |title=Naples in the Time of Cholera, 1884–1911 |first=Frank M. |last=Snowden |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002}}</ref>{{rp|11–14, 18}}

Public health conditions in certain areas of the city were poor, with twelve epidemics of [[cholera]] and [[typhoid fever]] claiming some 48,000 people between 1834 and 1884. A [[death rate]] 31.84 per thousand, high even for the time, insisted in the absence of epidemics between 1878 and 1883.{{r|snowden}} Then in 1884, Naples fell victim to a major [[cholera]] epidemic, caused largely by the city's poor [[sewerage]] infrastructure. In response to these problems, in 1885,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Il Piano di Risanamento di Napoli |url=https://eddyburg.it/archivio/il-piano-di-risanamento-di-napoli/ |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=Eddyburg |language=it-IT}}</ref> the government prompted a radical transformation of the city called ''[[risanamento]]'' to improve the sewerage infrastructure and replace the most clustered areas, considered the main cause of [[wikt:insalubrity#English|insalubrity]], with large and airy avenues. The project proved difficult to accomplish politically and economically due to corruption, as shown in the [[Saredo Inquiry]], land speculation and extremely long bureaucracy. This led to the project to massive delays with contrasting results. The most notable transformations made were the construction of Via Caracciolo in place of the beach along the promenade, the creation of [[Galleria Umberto I]] and [[c:Category:Galleria Principe di Napoli (Naples)|Galleria Principe]] and the construction of Corso Umberto.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fedoa.unina.it/9963/1/decrescenzo_daniela_26.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=9 July 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305135057/http://www.fedoa.unina.it/9963/1/decrescenzo_daniela_26.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eddyburg.it/article/articleview/7035/0/242 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125045426/http://eddyburg.it/article/articleview/7035/0/242 |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2012 |title=Eddyburg.it – Bisogna Sventrare Napoli! |date=25 January 2012}}</ref>
[[File:Napoli 4.8.1943, bombardamento aereo statunitense.jpg|thumb|[[Allies of World War II|Allied]] bombardment of Naples, 1943]]

Naples was the [[Bombing of Naples in World War II|most-bombed]] Italian city during [[World War II]].<ref name="wii" /> Though Neapolitans did not rebel under [[Italian Fascism]], Naples was the first Italian city to [[Four days of Naples|rise up against]] [[Nazi Germany|German]] [[military occupation]]; for the first time in Europe, the Nazis, whose leader in this case was Colonel Scholl, negotiated a surrender in the face of insurgents. The city was already completely freed by 1 October 1943,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Napoli |first=Comune di |title=Le Quattro giornate di Napoli |url=https://www.comune.napoli.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/5730 |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=www.comune.napoli.it |language=it}}</ref> when British and American forces entered the city.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hughes |first=David |title=British Armoured and Cavalry Divisions |date=1999 |publisher=Nafziger |pages=39–40}}</ref> Departing Germans [[Book burning|burned]] the library of [[University of Naples Federico II|the university]], as well as the Italian Royal Society. They also destroyed the city archives. Time bombs planted throughout the city continued to explode into November.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Atkinson |first1=Rick |title=The Day of Battle |url=https://archive.org/details/dayofbattlewarin00atki |url-access=registration |date=2 October 2007 |publisher=Henry Holt and Co. |location=4889 |isbn=9780805062892}}</ref> Departing Germans also "looted all the food and fuel. They blew up the city's gas, water and sewage piping. They destroyed its port facilities ... and scuttled more than 300 ships in the harbor. They destroyed 75% of the major bridges, stole nearly 90% of the city's trucks, buses and trams, demolished railroad tracks and tunnels...."<ref>[[Dominic Green (writer and musician)|Green, Dominic]]. [https://www.wsj.com/arts-culture/books/naples-1944-review-the-cost-of-conquering-5e78e122 "'Naples 1944' Review: The Cost of Conquering"] ''The Wall Street Journal'', April 11, 2025.</ref>
The symbol of the rebirth of Naples was the rebuilding of the church of [[Santa Chiara (Naples)|Santa Chiara]], which had been destroyed in a [[United States Air Force|United States Army Air Corps]] bombing raid.<ref name="wii" />

Special funding from the Italian government's [[Cassa per il Mezzogiorno|Fund for the South]] was provided from 1950 to 1984, helping the Neapolitan economy to improve somewhat, with city landmarks such as the [[Piazza del Plebiscito]] being renovated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/blog19.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030829022247/http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/blog19.htm |archive-date=29 August 2003 |format=PDF |publisher=Frontier Center for Public Policy |title=North and South: The Tragedy of Equalization in Italy |date=7 October 2007}}</ref> However, high unemployment continues to affect Naples.

Italian media attributed the city's recent [[Naples waste management issue|illegal waste disposal issues]] to the [[Camorra]], the [[organized crime]] network centered in Campania.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/6727215.stm |publisher=BBC |title=Naples at the mercy of the mob |date=7 October 2007 |first=Christian |last=Fraser |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614224730/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/6727215.stm |archive-date=14 June 2007}}</ref> Due to illegal waste dumping, as exposed by [[Roberto Saviano]] in his book ''[[Gomorrah (book)|Gomorrah]]'', severe environmental contamination and increased health risks remain prevalent.<ref name=cdm>{{cite web |url=http://www.protezionecivile.gov.it/resources/cms/documents/legge_195_Rifiuti_Campania.pdf |title=Consiglio dei Ministri n. 76/09 |editor=Sito della Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri |access-date=19 August 2019 |archive-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710164548/http://www.protezionecivile.gov.it/resources/cms/documents/legge_195_Rifiuti_Campania.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2007, [[Silvio Berlusconi]]'s government held senior meetings in Naples to demonstrate their intention to solve these problems.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601085&sid=acV5uzL85glM&refer=europe |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120724102030/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601085&sid=acV5uzL85glM&refer=europe |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 July 2012 |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |title=Berlusconi Takes Cabinet to Naples, Plans Tax Cuts, Crime Bill |date=7 October 2007}}</ref> However, the [[late-2000s recession]] had a severe impact on the city, intensifying its waste-management and unemployment problems.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/blog/2011/oct/16/naples-city-hard-luck-story "Naples, city of the hard luck story"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407205949/https://www.theguardian.com/world/blog/2011/oct/16/naples-city-hard-luck-story |date=7 April 2017}}. ''[[The Guardian]]''. 16 October 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2010.</ref> By August 2011, the number of unemployed in the Naples area had risen to 250,000, sparking public protests against the economic situation.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111120183828/http://www.demotix.com/news/776853/unemployment-spurns-protests-across-naples "Unemployment spawns protests across Naples"]. Demotix.com. 2 August 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2011.</ref> In June 2012, allegations of blackmail, extortion, and illicit contract tendering emerged concerning the city's waste management issues.<ref name=OneJun>[http://mattinopadova.gelocal.it/cronaca/2012/06/20/news/cricca-veneta-sui-rifiuti-di-napoli-arrestati-i-fratelli-gavioli-1.5291660 "Cricca veneta sui rifiuti di Napoli: arrestati i fratelli Gavioli" (in Italian)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622184314/http://mattinopadova.gelocal.it/cronaca/2012/06/20/news/cricca-veneta-sui-rifiuti-di-napoli-arrestati-i-fratelli-gavioli-1.5291660 |date=22 June 2012 }}. ''Il Mattino''. 20 June 2012. Retrieved 11 July 2012.</ref><ref name=OneJul>[http://www.sivempveneto.it/vedi-tutte/7429-gestione-dei-rifiuti-a-napoli-undici-arresti-tra-venezia-e-treviso.html "Gestione rifiuti a Napoli, undici arresti tra Venezia e Treviso" (in Italian)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125122147/http://www.sivempveneto.it/vedi-tutte/7429-gestione-dei-rifiuti-a-napoli-undici-arresti-tra-venezia-e-treviso.html |date=25 January 2014 }}. ''Il Mattino di Padova''. 21 June 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2012.</ref>

Naples hosted the sixth [[World Urban Forum]] in September 2012<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120619131048/http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?cid=9740&catid=672&typeid=6&subMenuId=0 UN Habitat]. Retrieved 24 December 2011.</ref> and the 63rd [[International Astronautical Congress]] in October 2012.<ref>{{cite web |last=Proietti |first=Manuela |url=http://www.diregiovani.it/gw/producer/dettaglio.aspx?id_doc=31468 |title=Expo 2012, Napoli capitale dello spazio&#124; Iniziative &#124; DIREGIOVANI |publisher=Diregiovani.it |access-date=25 January 2010}}{{dead link|date=October 2016}}</ref> In 2013, it was the host of the [[Universal Forum of Cultures]] and the host for the [[2019 Summer Universiade]].