Editing Nanomedicine (section)

== Vaccine development ==

Today, a significant proportion of vaccines against [[Viral disease|viral diseases]] are created using nanotechnology. [[Solid lipid nanoparticle|Solid lipid nanoparticles]] represent a novel delivery system for some [[MRNA vaccine|vaccines against SARS-CoV-2]] (the virus that causes [[COVID-19]]).<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Lozano |first1=Daniel |last2=Larraga |first2=Vicente |last3=Vallet-Regí |first3=María |last4=Manzano |first4=Miguel |date=2023-06-09 |title=An Overview of the Use of Nanoparticles in Vaccine Development |journal=Nanomaterials |language=en |volume=13 |issue=12 |pages=1828 |doi=10.3390/nano13121828 |doi-access=free |issn=2079-4991 |pmc=10304030 |pmid=37368258}}</ref> In recent decades, nanosized [[Immunologic adjuvant|adjuvants]] have been widely used to enhance immune responses to targeted vaccine antigens. Inorganic nanoparticles of aluminum,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lu |first1=Yang |last2=Liu |first2=Ge |date=2022-11-30 |title=Nano alum: A new solution to the new challenge |journal=Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics |language=en |volume=18 |issue=5 |doi=10.1080/21645515.2022.2060667 |issn=2164-5515 |pmc=9897648 |pmid=35471916}}</ref> [[Silicon dioxide|silica]] and [[clay]], as well as organic nanoparticles based on polymers and lipids, are commonly used adjuvants within modern vaccine formulations.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Filipić |first1=Brankica |last2=Pantelić |first2=Ivana |last3=Nikolić |first3=Ines |last4=Majhen |first4=Dragomira |last5=Stojić-Vukanić |first5=Zorica |last6=Savić |first6=Snežana |last7=Krajišnik |first7=Danina |date=July 2023 |title=Nanoparticle-Based Adjuvants and Delivery Systems for Modern Vaccines |journal=Vaccines |language=en |volume=11 |issue=7 |pages=1172 |doi=10.3390/vaccines11071172 |doi-access=free |issn=2076-393X |pmc=10385383 |pmid=37514991}}</ref> Nanoparticles of natural polymers such as [[chitosan]] are commonly used adjuvants in modern vaccine formulations.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dilnawaz |first1=Fahima |last2=Acharya |first2=Sarbari |last3=Kanungo |first3=Anwesha |date=2024-01-01 |title=A clinical perspective of chitosan nanoparticles for infectious disease management |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-023-04755-z |journal=Polymer Bulletin |language=en |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=1071–1095 |doi=10.1007/s00289-023-04755-z |issn=1436-2449 |pmc=10073797 |pmid=37362954}}</ref> [[Cerium(IV) oxide|Ceria]] nanoparticles appear very promising for both enhancing vaccine responses and mitigating inflammation, as their adjuvanticity can be adjusted by modifying parameters such as size, crystallinity, surface state, and stoichiometry.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shcherbakov |first=Alexander B. |date=2024-04-01 |title=CeO2 nanoparticles and cerium species as antiviral agents: Critical review |journal=European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry Reports |volume=10 |pages=100141 |doi=10.1016/j.ejmcr.2024.100141 |issn=2772-4174|doi-access=free }}</ref>

In addition, virus-like nanoparticles are also being researched. These structures allow vaccines to self-assemble without encapsulating viral RNA, making them non-infectious and incapable of replication. These virus-like nanoparticles are designed to elicit a strong immune response by using a self-assembled layer of virus capsid proteins.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Perotti |first1=Michela |last2=Perez |first2=Laurent |date=January 2020 |title=Virus-Like Particles and Nanoparticles for Vaccine Development against HCMV |journal=Viruses |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=35 |doi=10.3390/v12010035 |doi-access=free |issn=1999-4915 |pmc=7019358 |pmid=31905677}}</ref><ref name=":2" />