Editing Namibia (section)

==Geography==
{{Main|Geography of Namibia}}
[[File:Namib Desert Namibia(2).jpg|thumb|Sand dunes of the [[Namib desert]]]]
[[File:SAC Namibia-cactus.jpg|thumb|[[Fish River Canyon]]]]
At {{convert|825615|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}},<ref>{{cite web|title=Rank Order&nbsp;– Area| website= cia.gov| publisher=CIA World Fact Book |url= https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html| place= US| access-date=12 April 2008|archive-date=9 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209041128/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Namibia is the world's 34th largest country (after Venezuela). It lies mostly between latitudes [[17th parallel south|17°]] and [[29th parallel south|29°S]] (a small area is north of 17°), and longitudes [[11th meridian east|11°]] and [[26th meridian east|26°E]].

The Namibian landscape consists generally of five geographical areas, each with characteristic [[Abiotic component|abiotic conditions]] and vegetation, with some variation within and overlap between them: the Central Plateau, the [[Namib]] Desert, the [[Great Escarpment, Southern Africa|Great Escarpment]], the [[Bushveld]], and the [[Kalahari Desert]].

Namibia is situated between the Namib and Kalahari Deserts. Unsurprisingly, Namibia has the least rainfall of any country in sub-Saharan Africa.<ref>{{Cite news| title= Land degradation causes poverty| last=Brandt|first=Edgar|newspaper=[[New Era (Namibia)|New Era]]|date=21 September 2012 |url= http://allafrica.com/stories/201209211357.html |access-date=30 September 2013|archive-date=20 October 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141020104012/http://allafrica.com/stories/201209211357.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Namib is a broad expanse of hyper-arid gravel plains and dunes that stretches along Namibia's entire coastline. It varies between {{cvt|100|and|200|km|mi|-1}} in width. Areas within the Namib include the Skeleton Coast and the [[Kaokoveld]] in the north and the extensive Namib Sand Sea along the central coast.<ref name=at1315/>

The Central Plateau runs from north to south, bordered by the [[Skeleton Coast]] (a coastal desert) to the northwest, the Namib Desert and its coastal plains to the southwest, the [[Orange River]] to the south, and the Kalahari Desert to the east. The Central Plateau is home to the highest point in Namibia at [[Königstein, Namibia|Königstein]] elevation {{cvt|2573|m|ft mi|sigfig=3}}.<ref name="elevation">{{cite web| url= http://landsat.usgs.gov/gallery/detail/367/ |title=  Brandberg Massif, Namibia |publisher= US Geological Survey, Department of the Interior | website= landsat.usgs.gov |quote= ...Brandberg Massif in Northen [''sic''] Namibia...dome-shaped granite intrusion covers an area of 650 square kilmeters (250 square miles) and rises 2,573 meters (1.6 miles) above the surrounding desert.| url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20051028012641/http://landsat.usgs.gov/gallery/detail/367/|archive-date= 28 October 2005 |access-date= 9 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url= https://www.mcnam.org/brandberg| website= mcnam.org| title= Brandberg | date= | publisher= Namibia Mountain Club, Mountain Club of South Africa| quote= ...the Brandberg is one of the most eye-catching circular features visible on Earth. The isolated massif of granite, with approximate dimensions of 26 by 21 km, rises more than 2000 m above the surrounding peneplain of the Namib Desert. The summit, named Königstein, at 2573 m above sea level is the highest elevation in Namibia. | access-date= April 9, 2025}}</ref>

The Great Escarpment swiftly rises to over {{cvt|2000|m|ft|sigfig=2}}. Average temperatures and temperature ranges increase further inland from the cold Atlantic waters, while the lingering coastal fogs slowly diminish. Although the area is rocky with poorly developed soils, it is significantly more productive than the Namib Desert. As summer winds are forced over the Escarpment, moisture is extracted as precipitation.<ref>Spriggs, A. (2001) {{WWF ecoregion|name=Africa: Namibia|id=at1316}}</ref>

The Bushveld is found in north-eastern Namibia along the Angolan border and in the Caprivi Strip. The area receives a significantly greater amount of precipitation than the rest of the country, averaging around {{convert|400|mm|in|sigfig=2|abbr=on}} per year. The area is generally flat and the soils sandy, limiting their ability to retain water and support agriculture.<ref name="Cowling, S. 2001">Cowling, S. 2001. {{WWF ecoregion|id=at1322|name=Succulent Karoo}}</ref>

The Kalahari Desert, an arid region that extends into South Africa and Botswana, is one of Namibia's well-known geographical features. The Kalahari, while popularly known as a desert, has a variety of localised environments, including some verdant and technically non-desert areas. The [[Succulent Karoo]] is home to over 5,000 species of plants, nearly half of them [[Endemism|endemic]]; approximately 10 percent of the world's [[succulents]] are found in the Karoo.<ref>{{cite journal| last= Van Jaarsveld| first= E. J.| year= 1987| title= The succulent riches of South Africa and Namibia| journal= Aloc | publisher= | url= | number= 24| pages= 45–92}}</ref><ref>Smith et al 1993</ref> The reason behind this high productivity and endemism may be the relatively stable nature of precipitation.<ref>Spriggs, A. (2001) {{WWF ecoregion|name=Southern Africa: including parts of Botswana, northeastern Namibia, Zimbabwe, and northern South Africa |id=at0709}}</ref>

Namibia's Coastal Desert is one of the oldest deserts in the world. Its sand dunes, created by the strong onshore winds, are the highest in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_540.html|title=NASA&nbsp;– Namibia's Coastal Desert|publisher= [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]]| website= nasa.gov|access-date=9 October 2009|archive-date=21 June 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230621185140/https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_540.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Because of the location of the shoreline, at the point where the Atlantic's cold water reaches Africa's hot climate, often extremely dense fog forms along the coast.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geographia.com/namibia/|title=An Introduction to Namibia|publisher= | website= geographia.com|access-date=9 October 2009 |archive-date= 4 June 2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010604205022/http://www.geographia.com/namibia/|url-status=live}}</ref> Near the coast there are areas where the dune-hummocks are vegetated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nacoma.org.na/Our_Coast/WalkOnOurCoastline.htm|title= Coastline |publisher= Namibian Coast Conservation and Management Project| website= nacoma.org.na|access-date=9 October 2009 |url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090721154939/http://www.nacoma.org.na/Our_Coast/WalkOnOurCoastline.htm|archive-date=21 July 2009}}</ref> Namibia has rich coastal and marine resources that remain largely unexplored.<ref name=Sparks/> The [[Caprivi Strip]] extends east from the northeastern corner of the country.

===Urban settlements===
{{Main|List of cities and towns in Namibia}}

Namibia has 13 cities, governed by municipalities and 26 towns, governed by town councils.<ref name=EW15>{{Cite news|title=Know Your Local Authority| newspaper=Election Watch|publisher=Institute for Public Policy Research|year=2015|issue=3|page=4}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Hartman|first=Adam|title=Town regrading a 'sad move'|newspaper=[[The Namibian]]|date=27 August 2010|page=1|url=https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=69963&page=archive-read|url-status= live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317023725/http://www.namibian.com.na/news-articles/national/full-story/archive/2010/august/article/town-regrading-a-sad-move/|archive-date=17 March 2012}}</ref> The capital Windhoek is by far the largest urban settlement in Namibia.

{{Largest cities
| country      = Namibia
| stat_ref     = According to the 2023 Census<ref>{{cite web|url=http://citypopulation.de/Namibia.html|title=Namibia|website=citypopulation.de|access-date=16 February 2022|archive-date=19 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619121656/http://www.citypopulation.de/Namibia.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| list_by_pop  = 
| div_name     = Region
| div_link     =

| city_1 = Windhoek
| div_1 = Khomas Region{{!}}Khomas
| pop_1 = 486,169
| img_1 = Klein-Windhoek 01.jpg
| city_2 = Rundu
| div_2 = Kavango East Region{{!}}Kavango East
| pop_2 = 118,625
| img_2 = Rundu, Namibia, Okavango-River, Angola (2018).jpg
| city_3 = Walvis Bay
| div_3 = Erongo Region{{!}}Erongo
| pop_3 = 102,704
| img_3 = Walvis Bay aerial.jpg
| city_4 = Swakopmund
| div_4 = Erongo Region{{!}}Erongo
| pop_4 = 75,921
| img_4 = Mole, Jetty and Lighthouse Swakopmund, Namibia.jpg
| city_5 = Oshakati
| div_5 = Oshana Region{{!}}Oshana
| pop_5 = 58,696
| city_6 =  Otjiwarongo
| div_6  = Otjozondjupa Region{{!}}Otjozondjupa
| pop_6  = 49,022
| city_7 = Katima Mulilo
| div_7  = Zambezi Region{{!}}Zambezi
| pop_7  = 46,401
| city_8 = Okahandja
| div_8 = Otjozondjupa Region{{!}}Otjozondjupa
| pop_8 = 45,159
| city_9 = Rehoboth, Namibia {{!}}Rehoboth
| div_9 = Hardap Region {{!}}Hardap
| pop_9 = 40,788
| city_10 = Tsumeb
| div_10 = Oshikoto Region{{!}}Oshikoto 
| pop_10 = 34,960
}}

===Climate===
[[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_NAM_present.svg|350 px|thumb|[[Köppen climate classification|Köppen climate types]] of Namibia]]
[[File:Namibia-1113.jpg|thumb|Namibia, primarily a large desert and semi-desert plateau]]
Namibia extends from 17°S to 25°S latitude: climatically the range of the sub-Tropical High Pressure Belt. Its overall climate description is arid, descending from the Sub-Humid [mean rain above {{cvt|500|mm|in|sigfig=2}}] through Semi-Arid [between {{cvt|300 and 500|mm|in|sigfig=2}}] (embracing most of the waterless Kalahari) and Arid [from {{cvt|150 to 300|mm|in|sigfig=2}}] (these three regions are inland from the western [[Great Escarpment, Southern Africa|escarpment]]) to the Hyper-Arid coastal plain [less than {{cvt|100|mm|in|sigfig=2}}]. Temperature maxima are limited by the overall elevation of the entire region: only in the far south, [[Warmbad, Namibia|Warmbad]] for instance, are maxima above {{cvt|40|C|F}} recorded.<ref>{{cite report| title= Paper and digital Climate Section| publisher= Namibia Meteorological Services| website= | date= | page= }}</ref>

Typically the sub-Tropical High Pressure Belt, with frequent clear skies, provides more than 300 days of sunshine per year. It is situated at the southern edge of the tropics; the [[Tropic of Capricorn]] cuts the country about in half. The winter (June–August) is generally dry. Both rainy seasons occur in summer: the small rainy season between September and November, and the big one between February and April.<ref>{{cite web| publisher= | website= RealNamibia.com| title=The Rainy Season|url=http://www.realnamibia.com/rn_028rainyseason.htm| access-date=28 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100906094745/http://www.realnamibia.com/rn_028rainyseason.htm|archive-date=6 September 2010}}</ref> Humidity is low, and average rainfall varies from almost zero in the [[Skeleton Coast]] (a coastal desert) to more than {{cvt|600|mm|in|0}} in the Caprivi Strip. Rainfall is highly variable, and droughts are common.<ref name="EBClimate">{{cite encyclopedia |title= Namibia |url= https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/402283/Namibia/43996|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|access-date=28 July 2010|archive-date=18 May 2024| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240518174406/https://www.britannica.com/place/Namibia|url-status=live}}</ref> In the summer of 2006–07 the rainfall was recorded far below the annual average.<ref name="Olszewski1">{{Cite news|last=Olszewski|first=John|newspaper=[[Namibia Economist]]| title= Climate change forces us to recognise new normals|url=http://www.economist.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&catid=531:weather&id=14308:climate-change-forces-us-to-recognise-new-normals&Itemid=54|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110513062850/http://www.economist.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&catid=531:weather&id=14308:climate-change-forces-us-to-recognise-new-normals&Itemid=54|archive-date=13 May 2011|date=13 May 2009}}</ref> In May 2019, Namibia declared a state of emergency in response to the drought,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.africanews.com/2019/05/06/namibia-declares-national-state-of-emergency-over-drought/|title=Namibia declares national state of emergency over drought|last=AfricaNews|date=6 May 2019|website=Africanews|access-date=20 May 2019|archive-date=6 April 2023| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230406160538/https://www.africanews.com/2019/05/06/namibia-declares-national-state-of-emergency-over-drought/ |url-status= live}}</ref> and extended it by an additional 6 months in October 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=State of drought emergency extended| url= https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?page=archive-read&id=193796|access-date=24 November 2020|website=The Namibian|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210310104544/https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?page=archive-read&id=193796|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Weather and climate in the coastal area are dominated by the cold, north-flowing [[Benguela Current]] of the Atlantic Ocean, which accounts for very low [[Precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] ({{cvt|50|mm|in|sigfig=2}} per year or less), frequent dense fog, and overall lower temperatures than in the rest of the country.<ref name="EBClimate"/> In Winter, occasionally a condition known as ''{{lang|de|[[Bergwind]]}}'' (German for "mountain wind") or ''{{lang|af|Oosweer}}'' ([[Afrikaans]] for "east weather") occurs, a hot dry wind blowing from the inland to the coast. As the area behind the coast is a desert, these winds can develop into sand storms, leaving sand deposits in the Atlantic Ocean that are visible on satellite images.<ref name="Olszewski2">{{Cite news| last=Olszewski|first=John|newspaper=Namibia Economist|title=Understanding Weather&nbsp;– not predicting it |url= http://www.economist.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=575&Itemid=54&limitstart=5 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101207061033/http://www.economist.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=575&Itemid=54&limitstart=5| archive-date=7 December 2010|date=25 June 2010}}</ref>

The Central Plateau and Kalahari areas have wide [[Diurnal temperature variation|diurnal]] temperature ranges of up to {{cvt|30|C}}.<ref name="EBClimate"/>

''Efundja'', the annual seasonal flooding of the northern parts of the country, often causes not only damage to infrastructure but loss of life.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.unmultimedia.org/radio/english/2011/04/debilitating-floods-hit-northern-and-central-namibia/|title=Debilitating floods hit northern and central Namibia| last=Adams|first=Gerry|date=15 April 2011|publisher= [[United Nations Radio]] |access-date=19 February 2012|archive-date=20 December 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220185613/http://www.unmultimedia.org/radio/english/2011/04/debilitating-floods-hit-northern-and-central-namibia/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The rains that cause these floods originate in Angola, flow into Namibia's [[Cuvelai-Etosha Basin]], and fill the ''oshanas'' ([[Oshiwambo]]: flood plains) there. The worst floods {{As of|2012|alt=so far}} occurred in March 2011 and displaced 21,000 people.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=79689&no_cache=1|title=Heaviest floods ever in Namibia|last=van den Bosch| first= Servaas|date=29 March 2011|work=[[The Namibian]]|access-date=23 February 2012|archive-date=22 August 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180822014824/https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Water sources===
{{Main|Water supply and sanitation in Namibia}}
Namibia is the driest country in [[sub-Saharan Africa]] and depends largely on groundwater. With an average rainfall of about {{cvt|350|mm|in|0}} per annum, the highest rainfall occurs in the Caprivi Strip in the northeast (about {{cvt|600|mm|in|sigfig=2}} per annum) and decreases in a westerly and southwesterly direction to as little as {{cvt|50|mm|in|sigfig=2}} and less per annum at the coast. The only perennial rivers are found on the national borders with South Africa, Angola, Zambia, and the short border with Botswana in the Caprivi Strip. In the interior of the country, surface water is available only in the summer months when rivers are in flood after exceptional rainfalls. Otherwise, surface water is restricted to a few large storage dams retaining and damming up these seasonal floods and their run-off. Where people do not live near perennial rivers or make use of the storage dams, they are dependent on groundwater. Even isolated communities and those economic activities located far from good surface water sources, such as mining, agriculture, and tourism, can be supplied from groundwater over nearly 80% of the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/iwrm/fundaments-in-iwrm/groundwater-in-namibia/index.php|title=Groundwater in Namibia|website=Integrated Water Resource Management|url-status= dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729155617/http://www.iwrm-namibia.info.na/iwrm/fundaments-in-iwrm/groundwater-in-namibia/index.php|archive-date=29 July 2016|access-date=2 October 2014}}</ref>

More than 100,000 [[borehole]]s have been drilled in Namibia over the past century. One third of these boreholes have been drilled dry.<ref>{{cite book| title= Groundwater in Namibia|url=http://www.namhydro.com/downloads.html |editor-first1= Greg |editor-last1= Christelis| editor-first2= Wilhelm |editor-last2= Struckmeier|via=Namibian Hydrogeological Association|year=2001|publisher=Census Office, National Planning Commission |isbn=978-0-86976-571-5| access-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404091336/http://namhydro.com/downloads.html|archive-date=4 April 2015|url-status= dead}}</ref> An [[aquifer]] called Ohangwena II, on both sides of the Angola-Namibia border, was discovered in 2012. It has been estimated to be capable of supplying a population of 800,000 people in the North for 400 years, at the current (2018) rate of consumption.<ref name=aqui>{{cite web| last= McGrath| first=Matt |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-18875385|title=Vast aquifer found in Namibia could last for centuries |website= bbc.co.uk |publisher= [[BBC World Service]]| date=20 July 2012|access-date=10 September 2013|archive-date=2 April 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190402132955/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-18875385|url-status=live}}</ref> Experts estimate that Namibia has {{convert|7720|km3|cumi|abbr=on}} of underground water.<ref name=afr>{{cite web|last=McGrath|first=Matt|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-17775211|title='Huge' water resource exists under Africa| website= bbc.co.uk| publisher= BBC World Service |date=20 April 2012|access-date=10 September 2013|archive-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402140411/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-17775211|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=aqmap/>

According to [[African Folder]], a sewage-to-water treatment project in Namibia not only provides citizens with safe drinking water, but it also boosts productivity by 6% per year. All pollutants and impurities are removed using cutting-edge "multi-barrier" technology, which includes residual chlorination, ozone treatment, and ultra membrane filtration. Strict bio-monitoring methods are also used throughout the process to ensure high-quality, safe drinking water.<ref>{{cite web| title=How Namibia Is Recycling Drinking Water From Toilet To Tap|url=https://africanfolder.com/how-namibia-is-recycling-drinking-water-from-toilet-to-tap/ |website= AfricanFolder.com |last=Jayeoba|first=Deborah|date=16 January 2023|access-date=12 March 2023|archive-date=12 March 2023| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230312120900/https://africanfolder.com/how-namibia-is-recycling-drinking-water-from-toilet-to-tap/|url-status= live}}</ref>

On 8 June 2023, Namibia became the first Southern African country and the eighth country in Africa to accede to the Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes (UN Water Convention).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Namibia becomes first Southern African country to join UN Water Convention |url=https://unece.org/media/Sustainable%20Development/news/379643|access-date=6 October 2023|website= UNECE.org | publisher= [[United Nations Economic Commission for Europe]] |archive-date=10 October 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231010133120/https://unece.org/media/Sustainable%20Development/news/379643 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Communal wildlife conservancies===
{{Main|Communal wildlife conservancies in Namibia}}
[[File:SAC Namibia-bushveld.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|[[Quivertree]] Forest, [[Bushveld]]]]
Namibia is one of few countries in the world to specifically address [[Wildlife conservation|conservation]] and protection of [[natural resources]] in its constitution.<ref name="Stefanova"/> Article 95 states, "The State shall actively promote and maintain the welfare of the people by adopting international policies aimed at the following: maintenance of [[ecology|ecosystems]], essential ecological processes, and biological diversity of Namibia, and utilisation of living natural resources on a sustainable basis for the benefit of all Namibians, both present and future."<ref name="Stefanova"/>

In 1993, Namibia's newly formed government received funding from the [[United States Agency for International Development]] (USAID) through its Living in a Finite Environment (LIFE) Project.<ref>Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) Programme Details (n.d.).</ref> The [[Ministry of Environment and Tourism (Namibia)|Ministry of Environment and Tourism]], with financial support from organisations such as USAID, [[Endangered Wildlife Trust]], [[World Wide Fund for Nature]], and Canadian Ambassador's Fund, together form a Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) support structure. The project's main goal is to promote sustainable natural resource management by giving local communities rights to wildlife management and tourism.<ref name=UNEP/>

===Wildlife===
{{Main|Wildlife of Namibia}}Namibia has various species of wildlife including the [[African wild dog|wild dog]], [[Dik-dik|dik dik]] and critically endangered [[Black rhinoceros|black rhino]]. There are 200 terrestrial mammal species, 645 bird species and 115 fish species.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1= Simmons|first1=R. E.|last2=Griffin|first2=M.|last3=Griffin|first3=R. E.|last4=Marais|first4=E.|last5=Kolberg|first5=H.| display-authors=3 |date=1 April 1998|title=Endemism in Namibia: patterns, processes and predictions|url=https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008879712736|journal=Biodiversity & Conservation |volume=7 |issue=4|pages=513–530|doi=10.1023/A:1008879712736|bibcode=1998BiCon...7..513S |s2cid=22160591|issn=1572-9710|access-date=22 December 2023 |archive-date= 18 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518174438/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1008879712736|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Curtis|first1=Barbara|last2=Roberts|first2=Kevin S.|last3=Griffin |first3=Michael| last4=Bethune| first4=Shirley| last5= Hay|first5=Clinton J.|last6=Kolberg|first6=Holger| display-authors=3 |date=1 April 1998|title=Species richness and conservationof Namibian freshwater macro-invertebrates, fish and amphibians|journal=Biodiversity & Conservation|volume=7|issue=4|pages=447–466| doi= 10.1023/A:1008871410919| issn= 1572-9710|doi-access=free| bibcode=1998BiCon...7..447C }}</ref>