Editing Muslim Brotherhood (section)

====Dissolution under the "Free Officers" and Nasser (1952–1970)====

[[File:Sayyid Qutb.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Brotherhood theorist [[Sayyid Qutb]], who was executed in 1966]]

In 1952 Egypt's monarchy was [[Egyptian revolution of 1952|overthrown]] by a group of nationalist military officers ([[Free Officers Movement (Egypt)|Free Officers Movement]]) who had formed a cell within the Brotherhood during the first war against Israel in 1948.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goodreads.com/work/best_book/14318665|title=أسرار حركة الضباط الأحرار والإخوان المسلمون|website=goodreads.com}}</ref> However, after the revolution [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]], the leader of the 'free officers' cell, after deposing the first President of Egypt, [[Muhammad Neguib]], in a coup, quickly moved against the Brotherhood, blaming them for an attempt on his life. The Brotherhood was again banned and this time thousands of its members were imprisoned, many being tortured and held for years in prisons and [[concentration camp]]s. In the 1950s and 1960s many Brotherhood members sought sanctuary in Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia|last=Commins|first=David|publisher=I. B. Tauris|year=2006|page=152}}</ref> From the 1950s, al-Banna's son-in-law [[Said Ramadan]] emerged as a major leader of the Brotherhood and the movement's unofficial foreign minister. Ramadan built a major center for the Brotherhood centered on a mosque in Munich, which became "a refuge for the beleaguered group during its decades in the wilderness".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nybooks.com/daily/2011/02/05/washingtons-secret-history-muslim-brotherhood/ |title=Washington's Secret History with the Muslim Brotherhood |first=Ian |last=Johnson |work=[[The New York Review of Books]] |date=5 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224140828/http://www.nybooks.com/daily/2011/02/05/washingtons-secret-history-muslim-brotherhood/ |archive-date=24 December 2015 |url-status=live |quote=One of the leaders, according to Eisenhower's appointment book, was "The Honorable Saeed Ramahdan, Delegate of the Muslim Brothers".* The person in question (in more standard romanization, Said Ramadan), was the son-in-law of the Brotherhood's founder and at the time widely described as the group's "foreign minister" (He was also the father of the controversial Swiss scholar of Islam, Tariq Ramadan).}}</ref> In the 1960s, Ramadan worked closely with [[Mahmoud K. Muftić]], a Bosnian Muslim exile who had married his cousin, who helped build links between the Muslim Brotherhood and various anti-communist exile groups in Europe and the Middle East.<ref name=Johnson>{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Ian |author-link=Ian Johnson (writer) |title=A Mosque in Munich: Nazis, the CIA, and the Rise of the Muslim Brotherhood in the West |url=https://archive.org/details/mosqueinmunichna0000john |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |year=2010 |page=163 |isbn=0547488688}}</ref><ref name="Mišur">{{cite journal |last1= Mišur |first1= Ivo |year=2018 |title=Uloga političke emigracije iz NDH u događanjima na Bliskom istoku 1947–1964|trans-title=The role of political émigrés from the NDH in events in the Middle East 1947–1964 |url=https://gracanickiglasnik.ba/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Pages-from-gg46-6.pdf |journal= Gračanički glasnik – časopis za kulturnu historiju |volume= XXIII |issue= 46 |pages=49–60 }}</ref> 

In the 1970s after the death of Nasser and under the new President ([[Anwar Sadat]]), the Egyptian Brotherhood was invited back to Egypt and began a new phase of participation in Egyptian politics.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam|last=Kepel|first=Gilles|page=83}}</ref>