Editing Music of Spain (section)

==Music by region==
The regions of Spain have distinctive musical traditions.  There is also a movement of singer-songwriters with politically active lyrics, paralleling similar developments in Latin America and [[Portugal]]. The singer and composer [[Eliseo Parra]] (b 1949) has recorded traditional folk music from the Basque country and Castile as well as his own compositions inspired from the musical styles of Spain and abroad.

===Andalusia===
{{main article|Music of Andalusia}}
[[File:FlamencoSevilla.jpg|thumb|left|165px|Flamenco dancing in [[Seville]].]]
[[File:Pandaverdiales.jpg|thumb|right|''Panda de Verdiales'' in [[Málaga]].]]

Though [[Andalusia]] is best known for [[flamenco]] music, there is also a tradition of [[gaita rociera]] ([[tabor pipe]]) music in western Andalusia and a distinct violin and plucked-string type of band music known as [[panda de verdiales]] in [[Málaga]].

[[Sevillanas]] is related to flamenco and most flamenco performers have at least one classic sevillana in their repertoire. The style originated as a medieval Castilian dance, called the [[seguidilla]], which was adopted with a flamenco style in the 19th century. Today, this lively couples' dance is popular in most parts of Spain, though the dance is often associated with the city of Seville's famous [[Easter feria]].

The region has also produced singer-songwriters like [[Javier Ruibal]] and {{ill|Carlos Cano (singer-songwriter)|es|Carlos Cano|lt=Carlos Cano}}, who revived a traditional music called ''[[copla (music)|copla]]''. Catalan [[Kiko Veneno]] and [[Joaquín Sabina]] are popular performers in a distinctly Spanish-style [[Rock and roll|rock music]], while [[Sephardic music]]ians like [[Aurora Moreno]], [[Luis Delgado (musician)|Luís Delgado]] and [[Rosa Zaragoza]] keep Andalusian [[Sephardic music]] alive.

===Aragon===
{{main article|Music of Aragon}}
[[File:Jota aragonesa.jpg|thumb|right|''Aragonese jota'' dancing.]]

[[Jota (music)|Jota]], popular across Spain, might have its historical roots in the southern part of [[Aragon]]. Jota instruments include the [[castanets]], guitar, [[bandurria]], [[tambourine]]s and sometimes the flute. The [[Guitarro (instrument)|guitarro]], a unique kind of small guitar also seen in Murcia, seems Aragonese in origin. Besides its music for stick-dances and [[dulzaina]] ([[shawm]]), Aragon has its own [[gaita de boto]] ([[bagpipes]]) and [[chiflo]] ([[tabor pipe]]). As in the Basque country, Aragonese chiflo can be played along to a [[chicotén]] string-drum ([[psaltery]]) rhythm.

===Asturias, Cantabria and Galicia===
{{main article|Music of Galicia, Cantabria and Asturias}}

[[File:Al son de la gaita.jpg|thumb|left|150px|upright|Asturian gaiteros (bagpipe players)]]

Northwest Spain ([[Asturias]], Galicia and [[Cantabria]]) is home to a distinct musical tradition extending back into the Middle Ages. The signature instrument of the region is the [[gaita (bagpipe)|gaita]] ([[bagpipe]]). The gaita is often accompanied by a [[snare drum]], called the [[tamboril (percussion)|tamboril]], and is played in processional marches. Other instruments include the [[requinta]], a kind of [[Fife (musical instrument)|fife]], as well as [[harp]]s, [[fiddles]], [[rebec]] and ''zanfona'' ([[hurdy-gurdy]]). The music itself runs the gamut from uptempo [[muiñeira]]s to stately marches. As in the Basque Country, [[Cantabria]]n music also features intricate arch and stick dances but the [[tabor pipe]] does not play as an important role as it does in Basque music. Traditionally, Galician music included a type of chanting song known as [[alalas]]. Alalas may include instrumental interludes, and were believed to have a very long history, based on legends.

There are local festivals of which [[Ortigueira]]'s ''Festival Internacional do Mundo Celta'' is especially important. Drum and bagpipe couples range among the most beloved kinds of Galician music, that also includes popular bands like [[Milladoiro]]. ''Pandereteiras'' are traditional groups of women that play tambourines and sing - bands like [[Tanxugueiras]] are directly influenced by this tradition.  The bagpipe virtuosos [[Carlos Núñez Muñoz|Carlos Núñez]] and [[Susana Seivane]] are especially popular performers.

[[Asturias]] is also home to popular musicians such as José Ángel [[Hevia]] (bagpiper) and the group [[Llan de cubel]]. Circular dances using a 6/8 tambourine rhythm are a hallmark of this area. Vocal [[asturianada]]s show melismatic ornamentations similar to those of other parts of the Iberian Peninsula. There are many festivals, such as "Folixa na Primavera" (April, in [[Mieres, Asturias|Mieres]]), "Intercelticu d'[[Avilés]]" (Interceltic festival of [[Avilés]], in July), as well as many "[[Celtic music|Celtic]] nights" in Asturias.

===Balearic Islands===
{{main article|Music of the Balearic Islands}}

In the [[Balearic Islands]], ''Xeremiers'' or ''colla de xeremiers'' are a traditional ensemble that consists of [[flabiol]] (a five-hole [[tabor pipe]]) and [[xeremia]]s (bagpipes). [[Mallorca]]'s [[Maria del Mar Bonet]] was one of the most influential artists of [[nova canço]], known for her political and social lyrics. [[Tomeu Penya]], [[Biel Majoral]], [[Cerebros Exprimidos]] and [[Joan Bibiloni]] are also popular.

===Basque Country===
{{main article|Basque music}}
[[File:Basque dancers 01.jpg|right|thumb|''Ezpatadantza'' of the Basque Country.]]

The most popular kind of [[Basque music]] is named after the dance [[trikitixa]], which is based on the [[accordion]] and [[tambourine]]. Popular performers are [[Joseba Tapia]] and [[Kepa Junkera]]. Highly appreciated folk instruments are the [[txistu]] (a [[tabor pipe]] similar to Occitanian [[Pipe (instrument)|galoubet]] recorder), [[alboka]] (a double [[clarinet]] played in circular-breathing technique, similar to other Mediterranean instruments like [[launeddas]]) and [[txalaparta]] (a huge [[xylophone]], similar to the Romanian [[toacă]] and played by two performers in a fascinating game-performance). As in many parts of the Iberian peninsula, there are ritual dances with sticks, swords and arches made from vegetation. Other popular dances are the [[fandango]], [[jota (music)|jota]] and 5/8 [[zortziko]].

Basques on both sides of the Spanish-French border have been known for their singing since the [[Middle Ages]], and a surge of Basque nationalism at the end of the 19th century led to the establishment of large Basque-language [[choirs]] that helped preserve their language and songs. Even during the persecution of the [[Francisco Franco]] era (1939–1975), when the Basque language was outlawed, traditional songs and dances were defiantly preserved in secret, and they continue to thrive despite the popularity of commercially marketed pop music.

===Canary Islands===
{{main article|Music of the Canary Islands}}

In the [[Canary Islands]], Isa, a local kind of [[Jota (music)|Jota]], is now popular, and [[Latin American music]]al ([[Music of Cuba|Cuban]]) influences are quite widespread, especially with the [[charango]] (a kind of guitar). [[Timple]], a local instrument which resembles [[ukulele]] / [[cavaquinho]], is commonly seen in plucked-string bands.  A popular set on [[El Hierro]] island consists of drums and wooden [[Fife (musical instrument)|fifes]] ([[pito herreño]]). The [[tabor pipe]] is customary in some ritual dances on the island of [[Tenerife]].

===Castile, Madrid and León===
{{main article|Music of Castile, Madrid and León}}
[[File:Sanjuansoria.jpg|thumb|Children in Castilian folk costume in [[Province of Soria|Soria]], [[Castile (historical region)|Castile]].]]

A large inland region, [[Castile (historical region)|Castile]], Madrid and [[León (province)|Leon]] were [[Celtiberians|Celtiberian]] country before its annexation and cultural latinization by the Roman Empire but it is extremely doubtful that anything from the musical traditions of the Celtic era have survived. Ever since, the area has been a musical melting pot; including [[Rome|Roman]], [[Visigoths|Visigothic]], Jewish, [[Al-Andalus|Moorish]], Italian, French and [[Roma music|Roma]] influences, but the longstanding influences from the surrounding regions and [[Portugal]] continue to play an important role. Areas within Castile and León generally tend to have more musical affinity with neighboring regions than with more distant parts of the region. This has given the region diverse musical traditions.

[[Jota (music)|Jota]] is popular, but is uniquely slow in Castile and León, unlike its more energetic Aragonese version. Instrumentation also varies much from the one in Aragon.  Northern León, that shares a language relationship with a region in northern Portugal and the Spanish regions of Asturias and Galicia, also shares their musical influences. Here, the [[gaita (bagpipe)|gaita]] ([[bagpipe]]) and [[tabor pipe]] playing traditions are prominent. In most of Castile, there is a strong tradition of dance music for [[dulzaina]] ([[shawm]]) and [[rondalla]] groups. Popular rhythms include 5/8 [[charrada]] and circle dances, [[Jota (music)|jota]] and [[habas verdes]].  As in many other parts of the Iberian peninsula, ritual dances include [[paloteo]]s (stick dances). [[Salamanca]] is known as the home of [[tuna (music)|tuna]], a [[serenade]] played with guitars and [[tambourine]]s, mostly by students dressed in medieval clothing. [[Madrid]] is known for its [[chotis]] music, a local variation to the 19th-century [[schottische]] dance. [[Flamenco]], although not considered native, is popular among some urbanites but is mainly confined to Madrid.

===Catalonia===
{{main article|Music of Catalonia}}
Though [[Catalonia]] is best known for [[sardana]] music played by a [[cobla]], there are other traditional styles of dance music like [[ball de bastons]] (stick-dances), [[galop]]s, [[ball de gitanes]]. Music is at the forefront in [[Cercavila|cercaviles]] and celebrations similar to [[Patum]] in [[Berga]]. [[Flabiol]] (a five-hole [[tabor pipe]]), [[gralla (instrument)|gralla]] or [[dolçaina]] (a [[shawm]]) and [[sac de gemecs]] (a local [[bagpipe]]) are traditional folk instruments that make part of some [[cobla]]s.

Catalan [[Romani people|gipsies]] and Andalusian immigrants to Catalonia created their own style of [[Flamenco Rumba|rumba]] called ''[[rumba catalana]]'' which is a popular style that's similar to flamenco, but not technically part of the flamenco canon. The rumba catalana originated in Barcelona when the rumba and other Afro-Cuban styles arrived from Cuba in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Catalan performers adapted them to the flamenco format and made it their own. Though often dismissed by aficionados as "fake" flamenco, rumba catalana remains wildly popular to this day.

The [[Habanera (music)|havaneres]] singers remain popular. Nowadays, young people cultivate [[Rock català]] popular music, as some years ago the [[Nova Cançó]] was relevant.

===Extremadura===
{{main article|Music of Extremadura}}

Having long been the poorest part of Spain, [[Extremadura]] is a largely rural region known for the Portuguese influence on its music. As in the northern regions of Spain, there is a rich repertoire for [[tabor pipe]] music. The [[zambomba]] friction-drum (similar to Portuguese [[sarronca]] or Brazilian [[cuica]]) is played by pulling on a rope which is inside the drum. It is found throughout Spain. The [[Jota (music)|jota]] is common, here played with [[triangle (musical instrument)|triangle]]s, [[castanet]]s, guitars, [[tambourine]]s, [[accordion]]s and zambombas.

===Murcia===
{{main article|Music of Murcia}}

[[Murcia]] is a region in the south-east of Spain which, historically, experienced considerable Moorish colonisation, is similar in many respects to its neighbour, Andalusia. The guitar-accompanied [[cante jondo]] [[Flamenco]] style is especially associated with Murcia as are ''[[rondalla]]s'', plucked-string bands. Christian songs, such as the polyphonic chant of the ''Auroro'' singers, are traditionally sung [[a cappella]], sometimes accompanied by the sound of [[church bells]], and cuadrillas are festive songs primarily played during holidays, like Christmas.

===Navarre and La Rioja===
[[File:Ioaldunak 001.jpg|thumb|''Ioaldunak'' dancers of Navarre.]]

[[Navarre]] and [[La Rioja (autonomous community)|La Rioja]] are small northern regions with diverse cultural elements. Bordered by Aragon and the Basque Autonomous Community, they also share much of the music found in those two regions.  Northern Navarre is [[Basque people|Basque]] in language, while the Southern section shares more [[Aragon]]ese features. The [[Jota (music)|jota]] genre is also known in both Navarre and La Rioja. Both regions have rich dance and [[dulzaina]] ([[shawm]]) traditions. [[Txistu]] ([[tabor pipe]]) and [[dulzaina]] ensembles are very popular in the public celebrations of Navarre.

===Valencia===
{{main article|Music of Valencia}}

Traditional music from [[Valencia (autonomous community)|Valencia]] is characteristically Mediterranean in origin. Valencia also has its local kind of [[Jota (music)|Jota]]. Moreover, Valencia has a high reputation for musical innovation, and performing [[brass band]]s called ''bandes'' are common, with one appearing in almost every town. Dolçaina ([[shawm]]) is widely found. Valencia also shares some traditional dances with other Iberian areas, like for instance, the ball de bastons (stick-dances).
The group [[Al Tall (band)|Al Tall]] is also well-known, experimenting with the Berber band [[Muluk El Hwa]], and revitalizing traditional Valencian music, following the [[Riproposta]] Italian musical movement.