Editing Music of Japan (section)

== Arrival of Western music ==
{{See also|Western influences in modern Japanese music}}

===Japanese blues/Enka===
{{Main|Ryūkōka|Kayōkyoku|Enka}}
[[File:藤山一郎.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Ichiro Fujiyama, influential ''ryūkōka'' singer]]
After the [[Meiji Restoration]] introduced Western musical instruction, Shuji Isawa compiled songs like "[[Auld Lang Syne]]" for use in public education. <ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/robertburns/works/auld_lang_syne/ |title = Robert Burns – Auld Lang Syne |publisher = BBC |date = 23 April 2009 | access-date = 1 January 2012 }}</ref> Two major forms of music that developed during this period were [[Shōka (music)|shōka]], which was composed to bring western music to schools, and [[gunka]].<ref>Satoshi Sugita (1972). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20110716153318/http://etd.ohiolink.edu/view.cgi?acc_num=osu1170788993 Cherry blossoms and rising sun: a systematic and objective analysis of gunka (Japanese war songs) in five historical periods (1868-1945)]". Dissertation submitted to Ohio State University.</ref>

As Japan moved towards representative [[democracy]] in the late 19th century, leaders hired singers to sell copies of songs that aired their messages, since the leaders themselves were usually prohibited from speaking in public. 
<!--　The street performers were called enka-shi.{{Citation needed|date = November 2009}} Also at the end of the 19th century, an [[Osaka]]n form of streetcorner singing became popular; this was called [[rōkyoku]]. This included the first two Japanese stars, [[Yoshida Naramaru]] and [[Tochuken Kumoemon]].{{Citation needed|date = November 2009}}
Westernized [[pop music]] is called [[kayōkyoku]], which is said to have and first appeared in a dramatization of ''[[Resurrection (novel)|Resurrection]]'' by [[Tolstoy]]. The song "Kachūsha no Uta", composed by [[Shinpei Nakayama]], was sung by [[Sumako Matsui]] in 1914. The song became a hit among enka-shi, and was one of the first major best-selling records in Japan.{{Citation needed|date = November 2009}} [[Ryūkōka]], which adopted Western classical music, made waves across the country in the prewar period.{{Citation needed|date = November 2009}} [[Ichiro Fujiyama]] became popular in the prewar period, but war songs later became popular when [[World War II]] occurred.{{Citation needed|date = November 2009}} Kayōkyoku became a major industry, especially after the arrival of superstar [[Misora Hibari]].{{Citation needed|date = November 2009}} In the 1950s, [[Tango music|tango]] and other kinds of [[Latin music (genre)|Latin music]], especially [[Cuban music]], became very popular in Japan.{{Citation needed|date = November 2009}} -->A distinctively Japanese form of [[tango music|tango]] called "dodompa" emerged. Kayōkyoku became associated with traditional Japanese structures influenced by [[Enka]]. Famous enka singers include [[Hibari Misora]], [[Saburo Kitajima]], [[Ikuzo Yoshi]] and Haruo Minami.

===Art music===

====Western classical music====

[[Shuji Isawa]] (1851–1917) studied music at [[Bridgewater Normal School]] and [[Harvard University]] and was an important figure in the development of Western-influenced Japanese music in the [[Meiji Era]] (1868–1912). On returning to Japan in 1879, Isawa formed the Ongaku-Torishirabe-Gakari (Music Investigation Agency), a national research center for Western music; it was later renamed the [[Tokyo Music School]] (Tôkyô ongaku gakkô). In 1880, Isawa's American friend and teacher, [[Luther Whiting Mason]], accepted a two-year appointment. [[Kosaku Yamada]], [[Yoshinao Nakada]], and [[Toru Takemitsu]] are Japanese composers who have successively developed what is now known as Japanese Classical Music.<ref name="Holderer">{{cite web | url=http://www.michaelholderer.com/Documents/Michael_Holderer_JWCM.pdf | title=Japanese Western Classical Music from the Meiji to the Modern Era - Lecture Document | publisher=[[The University of Texas at Austin]] | date=Spring 2009 | access-date=September 15, 2017 | author=Holderer, Michael J. | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824080313/http://www.michaelholderer.com/Documents/Michael_Holderer_JWCM.pdf | archive-date=August 24, 2016 | url-status=live }}</ref>

Western [[european classical music|classical music]] established a strong presence in Japan, making the country one of the most important markets for this music tradition.<ref name="Conversations">{{cite book | title=Conversations with the World's Leading Orchestra and Opera Librarians | publisher=Rowman & Littlefield | author=Lo, Patrick | year=2016 | pages=156 | isbn=978-1-4422-5543-2|chapter= Katsu Watanabe Akane Oki and Yasushi Ishii, Librarians of the NHK Symphony Orchestra, Tokyo |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CZg5DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA156}}</ref> [[Tōru Takemitsu|Toru Takemitsu]] composed avant-garde music, contemporary classical music, and movie scoring.<ref>"Takemitsu, Toru", ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music'', Ed. [[Michael Kennedy (music critic)|Michael Kennedy]], (Oxford, 1996), ''Oxford Reference Online'', Oxford University Press (accessed March 16, 2007) [http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t76.e8918] (subscription access).</ref>

===== Orchestras =====
* [[Hiroshima Symphony Orchestra]]
* [[Hyogo Performing Arts Center Orchestra]]
* [[Japan Philharmonic Orchestra]]
* [[Kanagawa Philharmonic Orchestra]]
* [[Nagoya Philharmonic Orchestra]]
* [[New Japan Philharmonic]]
* [[NHK Symphony Orchestra]]
* [[Orchestra Ensemble Kanazawa]]
* [[Osaka Philharmonic Orchestra]]
* [[Osaka Shion Wind Orchestra]]
* [[Sapporo Symphony Orchestra]]
* [[Tokyo Kosei Wind Orchestra]]
* [[Tokyo Metropolitan Symphony Orchestra]]
* [[Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra]]
* [[Tokyo Symphony Orchestra]]
* [[Yomiuri Nippon Symphony Orchestra]]
Besides traditional [[Orchestra|symphony orchestras]], Japan is internationally prominent in the field of [[wind bands]].<ref>Hebert, David G., [https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9789400721777 ''Wind Bands and Cultural Identity in Japanese Schools'']. New York: Springer Press, 2012.</ref> The [[All-Japan Band Association]] is the governing body for wind band competitions in the country.

====Jazz====
{{Main|Japanese jazz}}
From the 1930s on (except during [[World War II]], when it was repressed as music of the enemy)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2018/03/29/music/kiyoshi-koyama-life-lived-jazz/|title=Kiyoshi Koyama: A life lived with jazz|last=Whatley|first=Katherine|date=2018-03-29|website=The Japan Times|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609165607/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2018/03/29/music/kiyoshi-koyama-life-lived-jazz/|archive-date=2019-06-09|access-date=2019-12-22|quote=Around the same time as FEN’s broadcasts, jazz experienced a resurgence in popularity in Japan. It first became popular here during the late 1920s and ’30s, but was banned during World War II, along with other non-German music from the West.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/05/26/archives/jazz-from-japan.html|title=Jazz From Japan|last=Wilson|first=John S.|date=1978-05-26|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-12-22|url-status=live|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|quote=American jazz was banned during the war, but afterward, Japan leaped into jazz enthusiastically.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222212219/https://www.nytimes.com/1978/05/26/archives/jazz-from-japan.html|archive-date=2019-12-22}}</ref> jazz maintained a strong presence in Japan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/events/prizes-and-celebrations/celebrations/international-days/international-jazz-day-2014/jazz-in-japan-a-history-of-tradition-and-modernity/|title=Jazz in Japan: A History of Tradition and Modernity {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|website=www.unesco.org|access-date=2019-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222230604/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/events/prizes-and-celebrations/celebrations/international-days/international-jazz-day-2014/jazz-in-japan-a-history-of-tradition-and-modernity/|archive-date=2019-12-22|url-status=live}}</ref> The country is an important market for the music, and it is common that recordings unavailable in the [[United States]] or Europe are available there. A number of Japanese jazz musicians, such as June (born in Japan) and [[Sadao Watanabe (musician)|Sadao Watanabe]] have a large fan base outside their native country.{{Citation needed|date = November 2009}}