Editing Music (section)

==== Common practice period ====
===== Baroque =====
{{Main|Baroque music}}
{{listen
| title        = Toccata and Fugue in D minor, BWV 565
| description  = [[Toccata and Fugue in D minor, BWV 565|Toccata and Fugue]] by [[Johann Sebastian Bach|J.S. Bach]]
| filename     = Toccata et Fugue BWV565.ogg
| type         = music
}}
[[File:Johann Sebastian Bach.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|[[J. S. Bach]]]]
The Baroque era of music took place from 1600 to 1750, coinciding with the flourishing of the [[Baroque]] artistic style in Europe. The start of the Baroque era was marked by the penning of the first [[opera]]s. [[polyphony|Polyphonic]] [[Counterpoint|contrapuntal]] music (music with separate, simultaneous [[Melody|melodic lines]]) remained important during this period. German Baroque composers wrote for small [[Musical ensemble|ensembles]] including [[String section|strings]], [[Brass instrument|brass]], and [[Woodwind instrument|woodwinds]], as well as for [[choir]]s and keyboard instruments such as [[organ (music)|pipe organ]], [[harpsichord]], and [[clavichord]]. Musical complexity increased during this time. Several major musical forms were created, some of them which persisted into later periods, seeing further development. These include the [[fugue]], the [[Invention (musical composition)|invention]], the [[sonata]], and the [[concerto]].<ref name="sdsu">{{Cite web |last1=Elaine Thornburgh |author-link=Elaine Thornburgh |last2=Jack Logan |title=Baroque Music - Part One |url=http://trumpet.sdsu.edu/M345/Baroque_Music1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905175129/http://trumpet.sdsu.edu/M345/Baroque_Music1.html |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=27 October 2015 |publisher=Music 345 }}</ref> The late Baroque style was polyphonically complex and richly ornamented. Important composers from the Baroque era include [[Johann Sebastian Bach]] (''[[Bach cello suites|Cello suites]]''), [[George Frideric Handel]] (''[[Handel's Messiah|Messiah]]''), [[Georg Philipp Telemann]] and [[Antonio Vivaldi]] (''[[The Four Seasons (Vivaldi)|The Four Seasons]]'').

===== Classicism =====
{{Main|Classical period (music)}}
{{listen
|description = [[Symphony No. 40 (Mozart)|Symphony 40&nbsp;G minor]] by [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|W.A. Mozart]]|title=Symphony No. 40&nbsp;G minor
|filename = Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart - Symphony 40 g-moll - 1. Molto allegro.ogg
|type = music
}}
[[File:Mozart Portrait Croce.jpg|thumb|[[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] was a prolific and influential composer of the Classical period.]]
The music of the Classical period (1730 to 1820) aimed to imitate what were seen as the key elements of the art and philosophy of Ancient Greece and Rome: the ideals of balance, proportion and disciplined expression. (Note: the music from the [[Classical period (music)|Classical period]] should not be confused with Classical music in general, a term which refers to Western [[art music]] from the 5th century to the 2000s, which includes the Classical period as one of a number of periods). Music from the Classical period has a lighter, clearer and considerably simpler texture than the [[Baroque music]] which preceded it. The main style was [[homophony]],<ref>Blume, Friedrich. Classic and Romantic Music: A Comprehensive Survey. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1970. Print.</ref> where a prominent [[melody]] and a subordinate chordal [[accompaniment]] part are clearly distinct. Classical instrumental melodies tended to be almost voicelike and singable. New genres were developed, and the [[fortepiano]], the forerunner to the modern piano, replaced the Baroque era [[harpsichord]] and [[pipe organ]] as the main keyboard instrument (though pipe organ continued to be used in sacred music, such as Masses).

Importance was given to [[instrumental]] music. It was dominated by further development of musical forms initially defined in the Baroque period: the [[sonata]], the concerto, and the [[symphony]]. Other main kinds were the [[Trio (music)|trio]], [[string quartet]], [[serenade]] and [[divertimento]]. The sonata was the most important and developed form. Although Baroque composers also wrote sonatas, the Classical style of sonata is completely distinct. All of the main instrumental forms of the Classical era, from string quartets to symphonies and concertos, were based on the structure of the sonata. The instruments used [[chamber music]] and orchestra became more standardized. In place of the [[basso continuo]] group of the Baroque era, which consisted of harpsichord, organ or lute along with a number of bass instruments selected at the discretion of the group leader (e.g., viol, cello, theorbo, serpent), Classical chamber groups used specified, standardized instruments (e.g., a [[string quartet]] would be performed by two violins, a viola and a cello). The practice of improvised chord-playing by the continuo keyboardist or lute player, a hallmark of Baroque music, underwent a gradual decline between 1750 and 1800.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://courses.lumenlearning.com/vccs-tcc-mus121-1/chapter/basso-continuo-e/|title=Basso Continuo &#124; Music 101|website=courses.lumenlearning.com}}</ref>

One of the most important changes made in the Classical period was the development of public concerts. The aristocracy still played a significant role in the sponsorship of concerts and compositions, but it was now possible for composers to survive without being permanent employees of queens or princes. The increasing popularity of classical music led to a growth in the number and types of orchestras. The expansion of orchestral concerts necessitated the building of large public performance spaces. Symphonic music including symphonies, musical accompaniment to ballet and mixed vocal/instrumental genres, such as opera and [[oratorio]], became more popular.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://louis.pressbooks.pub/musicappreciation/chapter/music-of-the-classical-period/|title=Music of the Classical Period|first1=Bonnie|last1=Le|first2=Francis|last2=Scully|first3=Steven|last3=Edwards|first4=Jesse|last4=Boyd|first5=Brenda|last5=Wimberly|date=1 August 2022|via=louis.pressbooks.pub}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Music/Music_Appreciation/Understanding_Music_-_Past_and_Present_(Clark_et_al.)/05%3A_Music_of_the_Classical_Period/5.02%3A_Music_in_the_Classical_period|title=5.2: Music in the Classical period|date=11 May 2020|website=Humanities LibreTexts}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dummies.com/article/academics-the-arts/music/general-music/classical-music-ballets-and-ballerinas-142032/|title=Classical Music: Ballets and Ballerinas|website=dummies}}</ref>

The best known composers of Classicism are [[Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach]], [[Christoph Willibald Gluck]], [[Johann Christian Bach]], [[Joseph Haydn]], [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]], [[Ludwig van Beethoven]] and [[Franz Schubert]]. Beethoven and Schubert are also considered to be composers in the later part of the Classical era, as it began to move towards Romanticism.

===== Romanticism =====
{{Main|Romantic music}}
{{listen
|description = ''[[Die Walküre]]'' by [[Richard Wagner]]
|filename = Wagner - die walkure fantasie.ogg
|title = Die Walküre
|type = music
}}
[[File:Moritz von Schwind Schubertiade.jpg|thumb|The piano was the centrepiece of social activity for middle-class urbanites in the 19th century ([[Moritz von Schwind]], 1868). The man at the piano is composer [[Franz Schubert]].]]

Romantic music ({{circa|1820}} to 1900) from the 19th century had many elements in common with the [[Romanticism|Romantic]] styles in literature and painting of the era. Romanticism was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement was characterized by its emphasis on emotion and individualism as well as glorification of all the past and nature. Romantic music expanded beyond the rigid styles and forms of the Classical era into more passionate, dramatic expressive pieces and songs. Romantic composers such as [[Richard Wagner|Wagner]] and [[Johannes Brahms|Brahms]] attempted to increase emotional expression and power in their music to describe deeper truths or human feelings. With symphonic [[tone poem]]s, composers tried to tell stories and evoke images or landscapes using instrumental music. Some composers promoted [[Nationalism|nationalistic]] pride with patriotic orchestral music inspired by [[folk music]]. The emotional and expressive qualities of music came to take precedence over tradition.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://classical-mania.com/the-music-of-the-romantic-period-emotional-expression-and-innovation/|title=The Music of the Romantic Period: Emotional Expression and Innovation|work=Classical Mania |date=11 April 2023}}</ref>

Romantic composers grew in idiosyncrasy, and went further in the [[syncretism]] of exploring different art-forms in a musical context, (such as literature), history (historical figures and legends), or nature itself. [[Romantic love]] or longing was a prevalent theme in many works composed during this period. In some cases, the formal structures from the classical period continued to be used (e.g., the [[sonata form]] used in [[string quartet]]s and [[symphony|symphonies]]), but these forms were expanded and altered. In many cases, new approaches were explored for existing genres, forms, and functions. Also, new forms were created that were deemed better suited to the new subject matter. Composers continued to develop opera and ballet music, exploring new styles and themes.<ref name="grove" />

In the years after 1800, the music developed by [[Ludwig van Beethoven]] and [[Franz Schubert]] introduced a more dramatic, expressive style. In Beethoven's case, short [[motif (music)|motifs]], developed organically, came to replace [[melody]] as the most significant compositional unit (an example is the distinctive four note figure used in his [[Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)|Fifth Symphony]]). Later Romantic composers such as [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]], [[Antonín Dvořák]], and [[Gustav Mahler]] used more unusual [[chord (music)|chords]] and more [[Consonance and dissonance|dissonance]] to create dramatic tension. They generated complex and often much longer musical works. During the late Romantic period, composers explored dramatic [[Chromatic (music)|chromatic]] alterations of [[tonality]], such as [[extended chord]]s and [[altered chord]]s, which created new sound "colors." The late 19th century saw a dramatic expansion in the size of the orchestra, and the [[Industrial Revolution]] helped to create better instruments, creating a more powerful sound. Public concerts became an important part of well-to-do [[urban culture|urban]] society. It also saw a new diversity in [[theatre music]], including [[operetta]], and [[Edwardian musical comedy|musical comedy]] and other forms of musical theatre.<ref name="grove" />