Editing Munich (section)

===World War I to World War II===
Following the outbreak of World War I in 1914, life in Munich became very difficult, as the [[Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)|Allied blockade of Germany]] led to food and fuel shortages. During French air raids in 1916, three bombs fell on Munich.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

In 1916, the 'Bayerische Motoren Werke' ([[BMW]]) produced its first [[aircraft engine]] in Munich.<ref>{{Cite book |title=International Business Strategy |author1= Alain Verbeke  |publisher= Vahlen |year=2014 |isbn=9783800648702 |pages=02}}</ref> The public limited company BMW AG was founded in 1918, with [[Camillo Castiglioni]] owning one third of the share capital. In 1922 BMW relocated its headquarters to a factory in Munich.<ref>{{Cite book |title=International Business Strategy |author1= Alain Verbeke  |publisher= Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |isbn=9781107355279 |pages=237}}</ref>

After World War I, the city was at the centre of substantial political unrest. In November 1918, on the eve of the German revolution, [[Ludwig III of Bavaria]] and his family fled the city. After the murder of the first republican [[List of Ministers-President of Bavaria|premier of Bavaria]] [[Kurt Eisner]] in February 1919 by [[Anton Graf von Arco auf Valley]], the [[Bavarian Soviet Republic]] was proclaimed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From the Murder of Eisner to the "Räterepublik Baiern" (Soviet Republic of Bavaria) {{!}} bavarikon |url=https://www.bavarikon.de/ |access-date=20 January 2024 |website=www.bavarikon.de |language=en |archive-date=8 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408162236/https://www.bavarikon.de/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The November 1918 revolution ended the reign of the Wittelsbach in Bavaria.<ref name="City Halls and Civic Materialism">{{Cite book |title=City Halls and Civic Materialism |author1=Jeremy White | author2= Swati Chattopadhyay |publisher= Taylor & Francis |year=2010 |isbn=9781317802280 |pages=85}}</ref> In ''[[Mein Kampf]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] described his political activism in Munich after November 1918 as the "Beginning of My Political Activity". Hitler called the short-lived Bavarian Soviet Republic "the rule of the Jews".<ref>{{Cite book |title=In Hitler's Munich: Jews, the Revolution, and the Rise of Nazism |author=Michael Brenner |publisher= Princeton University Press |year=2022 |isbn=9780691191034 |pages=3}}</ref> In 1919 [[Bavaria Film]] was founded and in the 1920s Munich offered film makers an alternative to Germany's largest film studio, [[Babelsberg Studio]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=The A to Z of German Cinema |author1=Robert C. Reimer | author2= Carol J. Reimer |publisher= Scarecrow Press |year=2010 |isbn=9781461731863 |pages=51}}</ref>

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 119-1486, Hitler-Putsch, München, Marienplatz.jpg|thumb|Unrest during the [[Beer Hall Putsch]]]]
In 1923 [[Gustav von Kahr]] was appointed Bavarian prime minister and immediately planned for the expulsion of all Jews who did not hold German citizenship. Chief of Police [[Ernst Pöhner]] and [[Wilhelm Frick]] openly indulged in antisemitism, while Bavarian judges praised people on the political right as patriotic for their crimes and handed down mild sentences.<ref>{{Cite book |title=In Hitler's Munich: Jews, the Revolution, and the Rise of Nazism |author1= Michael Brenner |publisher=  Princeton University Press |year=2022 |isbn=9780691191034 |pages=23}}</ref> In 1923, Adolf Hitler and his supporters, who were concentrated in Munich, staged the [[Beer Hall Putsch]], an attempt to overthrow the [[Weimar Republic]] and seize power. The revolt failed, resulting in Hitler's arrest and the temporary crippling of the [[Nazi Party]] (NSDAP).<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Magazine |first1=Smithsonian |last2=Wexler |first2=Ellen |title=Before He Rose to Power, Adolf Hitler Staged a Coup and Went to Prison |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/adolf-hitler-coup-prison-beer-hall-putsch-180983207/ |access-date=20 January 2024 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en |archive-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120005731/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/adolf-hitler-coup-prison-beer-hall-putsch-180983207/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Munich was chosen as capital for the [[Free State of Bavaria]] and acquired increased responsibility for administering the city itself and the surrounding districts. Offices needed to be built for bureaucracy, so a 12-story office building was erected in the southern part of the historic city centre in the late 1920s.<ref name="City Halls and Civic Materialism"/>

Munich again became important to the Nazis when they took power in Germany in 1933. The party created its first [[Nazi concentration camp|concentration camp]] at [[Dachau concentration camp|Dachau]], {{cvt|16|km|0|abbr=off}} north-west of the city. Because of its importance to the rise of National Socialism, Munich was referred to as the ''Hauptstadt der Bewegung'' ("Capital of the Movement").<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2007 |title=NS-Wiege: "Hauptstadt der Bewegung" |url=https://www.br.de/themen/bayern/inhalt/geschichte/muenchen-stadtportraet-hauptstadt-der-bewegung100.html |publisher=Bayerischer Rundfunk |access-date=23 November 2021 |archive-date=23 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123114838/https://www.br.de/themen/bayern/inhalt/geschichte/muenchen-stadtportraet-hauptstadt-der-bewegung100.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The NSDAP headquarters and the documentation apparatus for controlling all aspects of life were located in Munich. Nazi organizations, such as the [[National Socialist Women's League]] and the [[Gestapo]], had their offices along [[Brienner Straße (Munich)|Brienner Straße]] and around the [[Königsplatz, Munich|Königsplatz]]. The party acquired 68 buildings in the area and many ''Führerbauten'' ("''Führer'' buildings") were built to reflect a new aesthetic of power.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Hitler's Munich: The Capital of the Nazi Movement |author=David Ian Hall |publisher=Pen & Sword Books Limited |year=2021 |isbn=9781526704955 |pages=176}}</ref> Construction work for the [[Führerbau]] and the party headquarters (known as the [[Brown House, Munich|Brown House]]) started in September 1933.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Hitler's Munich: The Capital of the Nazi Movement |author=David Ian Hall |publisher=Pen & Sword Books Limited |year=2021 |isbn=9781526704955 |pages=178}}</ref> The ''[[Haus der Kunst]]'' (House of German Art) was the first building to be commissioned by Hitler. The architect [[Paul Troost]] was asked to start work shortly after the Nazis had seized power because "the most German of all German cities" was left with no exhibition building when in 1931 the [[Glaspalast (Munich)|Glass Palace]] was destroyed in an arson attack.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Hitler's Munich: The Capital of the Nazi Movement |author=David Ian Hall |publisher=Pen & Sword Books Limited |year=2021 |isbn=9781526704955 |pages=177}}</ref> The ''Red Terror'' that supposedly preceded Nazi control in Munich was detailed in Nazi publications; seminal accounts are that of Rudolf Schricker ''Rotmord über München'' published in 1934, and ''Die Blutchronik des Marxismus in Deutschland'' by Adolf Ehrt and Hans Roden.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Dachau and the SS: A Schooling in Violence |author= Christopher Dillon  |publisher=OUP Oxford |year=2016 |isbn=9780192513342 |pages=}}</ref>

In 1930 ''Feinkost Käfer'' was founded in Munich, the ''Käfer'' catering business is now a world leading party service.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Case Studies on Food Experiences in Marketing, Retail, and Events | editor1= Adrienne Steffen | editor2= Susanne Doppler  |publisher=Elsevier Science |year=2020 |isbn=9780128177938 |pages=137}}</ref>

The city was the site where the 1938 [[Munich Agreement]] signed between the United Kingdom and the [[Third French Republic]] with [[Nazi Germany]] as part of the Franco-British policy of [[appeasement]]. The British Prime Minister [[Neville Chamberlain]] assented to the German annexation of [[Czechoslovakia]]'s [[Sudetenland]] in the hopes of satisfying Hitler's territorial expansion.<ref>Cole, Robert A. "Appeasing Hitler: The Munich Crisis of 1938: A Teaching and Learning Resource," New England Journal of History (2010) 66#2 pp 1–30</ref>

The [[Munich-Riem Airport]] was completed in October 1939.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2018 |title=Online archive of the old Munich-Riem Airport |url=https://flughafen-muenchen-riem.de/en/ |access-date=20 January 2024 |website=Flughafen München |language=en |archive-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120005732/https://flughafen-muenchen-riem.de/en/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 8 November 1939, shortly after the Second World War had begun, [[Georg Elser]] planted a bomb in the Bürgerbräukeller in Munich in an attempt to assassinate Adolf Hitler, who held a political party speech. Hitler, however, had left the building minutes before the bomb went off.<ref>Moorhouse, Roger, Killing Hitler: The Third Reich and the Plots against the Führer. Jonathan Cape, 2006, pp. 36–58. {{ISBN|0-224-07121-1}}</ref> By mid 1942 the majority of Jews living in Munich and the suburbs had been deported.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Germans and the Holocaust |author1=Alan E. Steinweis |author2= Susanna Schrafstetter |publisher=Berghahn Books |year=2015 |isbn=9781782389538|pages=113}}</ref>

[[File:Muenchen-Allach Dachau sub-camp 1945-04-30 Nr 18145 ushmm.jpg|thumb|Liberated survivors of the [[Munich-Allach concentration camp]] greet arriving U.S. troops, 30 April 1945]]
During the war, Munich was the location of multiple [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|forced labour]] camps, including two ''Polenlager'' camps for [[Polish people|Polish]] youth,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=100000361|title=Außenkommando "Polenlager Ost" des Jugendgefängnisses München-Stadelheim|website=Bundesarchiv.de|access-date=24 October 2023|language=de|archive-date=25 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725120523/https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=100000361|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=100000363|title=Außenkommando "Polenlager Süd" des Jugendgefängnisses München-Stadelheim|website=Bundesarchiv.de|access-date=24 October 2023|language=de|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328231718/https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=100000363|url-status=live}}</ref> and 40 subcamps of the [[Dachau concentration camp]], in which men and women of various nationalities were held.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bundesrecht.juris.de/begdv_6/anlage_6.html|title=Anlage zu § 1. Verzeichnis der Konzentrationslager und ihrer Außenkommandos gemäß § 42 Abs. 2 BEG|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423004151/http://bundesrecht.juris.de/begdv_6/anlage_6.html|language=de|access-date=24 October 2023|archive-date=23 April 2009}}</ref> With up to 17,000 prisoners in 1945, the largest subcamp of Dachau was the [[Munich-Allach concentration camp]].

Munich was the base of the [[White Rose]], a student [[resistance movement]]. The group had distributed leaflets in several cities and following the 1943 [[Battle of Stalingrad]] members of the group [[stencil]]ed slogans such as "Down with Hitler" and "Hitler the Mass Murderer" on public buildings in Munich. The core members were arrested and executed after [[Sophie Scholl]] and her brother [[Hans Scholl]] were caught distributing leaflets on [[Munich University]] campus calling upon the youth to rise against Hitler.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Hitler Years: Disaster, 1940–1945 |author=Frank McDonough |publisher=St. Martin's Publishing Group |year=2021 |isbn=9781250275134 |pages=}}</ref>

The city was heavily damaged by the [[bombing of Munich in World War II]], with 71 air raids over five years. US troops captured Munich on 30 April 1945.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/liberation-of-munich-april-30-1945 Liberation of Munich April 30, 1945 (Video)]</ref>