Editing Moscow (section)

===Soviet period (1917–1991)===
[[File:Plan of Moscow 1917.jpg|upright=.8|thumb|City plan of Moscow, 1917]]
In November 1917, upon learning of [[October Revolution|the uprising in Petrograd]], Moscow's [[Bolsheviks]] [[Moscow Bolshevik Uprising|began their uprising]]. On 2 November (15), 1917, after heavy fighting, [[Soviet power]] was established in Moscow.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aha.ru/~mausoleu/documents/moscow_1.htm |title=Revolutionary war history. Moscow |website=www.aha.ru |access-date=23 October 2021 |archive-date=11 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411165331/http://www.aha.ru/~mausoleu/documents/moscow_1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Vladimir Lenin]], fearing invasion, moved the capital back to Moscow on 12 March 1918.<ref name="prlib">{{cite web |url=https://www.prlib.ru/en/history/619089 |title=Moscow becomes the capital of the Soviet State |access-date=12 March 2019 |date=2018 |publisher=Presidential Library |archive-date=1 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401151158/https://www.prlib.ru/en/history/619089 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Kremlin once again became the seat of power, political centre of the new state.

With the [[Russian cultural heritage register#Denial of heritage (1917–1941)|change in values imposed by communist ideology]], the tradition of preserving cultural heritage was broken. Independent preservation societies, even those that defended only secular landmarks, were disbanded by the end of the 1920s. A new anti-religious campaign, launched in 1929, coincided with the collectivization of peasants; the destruction of churches in the cities peaked around 1932. In 1937 letters were written to the [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] to rename Moscow to "Stalindar" or "Stalinodar".<ref>One from an elderly pensioner whose dream was to "live in Stalinodar" and had selected the name to represent the "gift" (dar) of the genius of Stalin. Sarah Davies, Popular Opinion in Stalin's Russia: Terror, Propaganda and Dissent, 1934–1941</ref> Stalin rejected this suggestion.<ref>And after it was suggested again to him by [[Nikolai Yezhov]], he was outraged, saying "What do I need this for?". This was following Stalin banning the renaming of places in his name in 1936. Simon Montefiore, The Court of the Red Tsar</ref>

During World War II, the Soviet State Committee of Defence and the General Staff of the [[Red Army]] were located in Moscow. In 1941, 16 divisions of the national volunteers (more than 160,000 people), 25 battalions, and 4 engineering regiments were formed among the Muscovites. Between October 1941 and January 1942, the German [[Army Group Centre]] was stopped at the outskirts of the city, then driven off in the [[Battle of Moscow]]. Many factories were evacuated, together with much of the government, and from 20 October the city was declared to be in a siege. Its remaining inhabitants built and manned antitank defenses, while the city was bombarded from the air. On 1 May 1944, a medal "For the defence of Moscow" and in 1947 another medal "In memory of the 800th anniversary of Moscow" was instituted. [[German casualties in World War II|German]] and [[World War II casualties of the Soviet Union|Soviet casualties]] during the battle have been debated, as sources provide different estimates. Total casualties between 30 September 1941, and 7 January 1942, are estimated to be between 248,000 and 400,000 for the [[Wehrmacht]] and between 650,000 and 1,280,000 for the Red Army.<ref>''Moscow Encyclopedia'', ed. Great Russian Encyclopedia, Moscow, 1997, entry "Battle of Moscow"</ref><ref>Great Soviet Encyclopedia, Moscow, 1973–78, entry "Battle of Moscow 1941–42"</ref><ref>John Erickson, ''Barbarossa: The Axis and the Allies'', table 12.4</ref>

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During the postwar years, there was a [[housing crisis]], solved by the invention of [[Tower block|high-rise apartments]]. There are over 11,000 of these [[Residential building series|standardised and prefabricated apartment blocks]], housing most of Moscow's population, making it by far the city with the most high-rise buildings.<ref name="hrranking">{{cite web |url=http://www.emporis.com/statistics/skyline-ranking |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106210644/http://www.emporis.com/statistics/skyline-ranking |url-status=usurped |archive-date=6 November 2012 |title=Skyline Ranking |website=Emporis }}</ref> Apartments were built and partly furnished in the factory, before being raised and stacked into tall columns. The popular Soviet-era comic film ''[[Irony of Fate]]'' parodies this construction method. The city of [[Zelenograd]] was built in 1958 at {{convert|37|km|abbr=off}} from the city centre to the north-west, along with the [[Leningradskoye Shosse]], and incorporated as one of Moscow's [[Administrative divisions of Moscow|administrative okrugs]]. [[Moscow State University]] moved to its campus on [[Sparrow Hills]] in 1953.

[[File:Stalin's funeral procession entering Manezhnaya Square from Okhotny Ryad.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|Stalin's funeral procession, 1953]]
In 1959, Nikita Khrushchev launched [[Russian cultural heritage register#Khrushchev's offensive (1959–1964)|his anti-religious campaign]]. Of Moscow's fifty churches operating in 1959, thirty were closed and six demolished. On 8 May 1965, due to the actual 20th [[Victory Day (9 May)|anniversary of the victory]] in World War II, Moscow was awarded a title of the [[Hero City (Soviet Union)|Hero City]].

The [[Moscow Ring Road]] (MKAD) was opened in 1961. It had four lanes running {{convert|109|km|abbr=off}} along the city borders. The MKAD marked the administrative boundaries of the city until the 1980s, when outlying suburbs beyond the ring road were incorporated. In 1980, Moscow hosted the [[1980 Summer Olympics|Summer Olympic Games]], which were boycotted by the US and other Western countries due to the Soviet Union's invasion of [[Afghanistan]] in 1979. In 1991 Moscow was the scene of a [[Soviet coup attempt of 1991|coup attempt]] by conservative communists opposed to the [[Perestroika|liberal reforms]] of [[Mikhail Gorbachev]].