Editing Morphine (section)

=== Hormone imbalance ===
{{See also|Opioid#Hormone imbalance}}
Clinical studies consistently conclude that morphine, like other opioids, often causes [[hypogonadism]] and [[hormone imbalance]]s in chronic users of both sexes. This side effect is [[dose–response relationship|dose-dependent]] and occurs in both therapeutic and recreational users. Morphine can interfere with menstruation by suppressing levels of [[luteinizing hormone]]. Multiple studies suggest the majority (perhaps as many as 90%) of chronic opioid users have opioid-induced hypogonadism. This effect may cause the increased likelihood of [[osteoporosis]] and [[bone fracture]] observed in chronic morphine users. Studies suggest the effect is temporary. {{As of|2013}}, the effect of low-dose or acute use of morphine on the endocrine system is unclear.<ref name="pmid23414717">{{cite journal | vauthors = Brennan MJ | title = The effect of opioid therapy on endocrine function | journal = The American Journal of Medicine | volume = 126 | issue = 3 Suppl 1 | pages = S12-8 | date = March 2013 | pmid = 23414717 | doi = 10.1016/j.amjmed.2012.12.001 }}</ref><ref name="pmid19193821">{{cite journal | vauthors = Colameco S, Coren JS | title = Opioid-induced endocrinopathy | journal = The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association | volume = 109 | issue = 1 | pages = 20–5 | date = January 2009 | pmid = 19193821 }}</ref>