Editing More Guns, Less Crime (section)

==Reception==
{{Prose|section|date=July 2016}}

=== NRC Report ===

Partially in response to Lott's book, a sixteen-member panel of the [[United States National Research Council]] was convened to address the issue of whether right-to-carry laws influenced crime rate. In 2001 and 2002 they also looked at many other gun control measures, including the soon-to-expire 1994 Assault Weapon Ban scheduled for renewal in 2004, gun buy-backs, and bans on handgun possession or carry. In 2004 they issued the report  "Firearms and Violence: A Critical Review"  which examined Lott's statistical methods in detail, including computation of the statistical uncertainties involved, and wrote:

<blockquote>The committee found that answers to some of the most pressing questions cannot be addressed with existing data and research methods, however well designed.  Indeed, the committee was unable to find any of the laws that it examined had any effect on crime or suicide rates.  In the case of right-to-carry laws, despite a large body of research, the committee found no credible evidence that the passage of right-to-carry laws decreases or increases violent crime, and there is almost no empirical evidence that the more than 80 prevention programs focused on gun-related violence have had any effect on children's behavior, knowledge, attitudes, or beliefs about firearms. The committee found that the data available on these questions are too weak to support unambiguous conclusions or strong policy statements.<ref name=Firearms>{{cite book | last1 = Wellford | first1 = Charles F. | last2 = Pepper | first2 = John V. | last3 = Petrie | first3 = Carol V. | title = Firearms and violence: a critical review | publisher = [[National Academies Press]] | location = Washington, D.C. | url = http://www.nap.edu/read/10881/chapter/13 | doi = 10.17226/10881 | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-0-309-09124-4 }} {{ISBN|0309091241}} (online book).</ref></blockquote>

The council determined that Lott's [[data sets]] can be subject to manipulation given a number of factors, so that different studies produce different results.  "While the trend models show a reduction in the crime growth rate following the adoption of right-to-carry laws, these trend reductions occur long after law adoption, casting serious doubt on the proposition that the trend models estimated in the literature reflect effects of the law change."<ref name=Firearms />

The issue of right-to-carry laws was the only law that drew a dissent from the committee's otherwise universal findings that it could not reach a conclusion. In a very unusual dissent for National Research Council reports, criminologist [[James Q. Wilson]] wrote that:

<blockquote>The direct evidence that such shooting sprees occur is nonexistent. The indirect evidence, as found in papers by Black and Nagin and Ayres and Donohue [cited in Chapter 6], is controversial. Indeed, the Ayres and Donohue paper shows that there was a "statistically significant downward shift in the trend" of the murder rate (Chapter 6, page 135). This suggests to me that for people interested in RTC laws, the best evidence we have is that they impose no costs but may confer benefits. ... In sum, I find that the evidence presented by Lott and his supporters suggests that RTC laws do in fact help drive down the murder rate, though their effect on other crimes is ambiguous.<ref>{{citation | last = Wilson | first = James Q. | author-link = James Q. Wilson | contribution = Appendix A, Dissent | editor-last1 = Wellford | editor-first1 = Charles F. | editor-last2 = Pepper | editor-first2 = John V. | editor-last3 = Petrie | editor-first3 = Carol V. | title = Firearms and violence: a critical review | publisher = [[National Academies Press]] | pages = 269–271 | location = Washington, D.C. | url = http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=0309091241 | doi = 10.17226/10881 | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-0-309-09124-4 }} {{ISBN|0309091241}} (online book).</ref></blockquote>

===Support===
A conference organized by the Center for Law, Economics, and Public Policy at [[Yale Law School]] and held at [[American Enterprise Institute]] was published in a special issue of ''[[The Journal of Law and Economics]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Various authors | title = Special issue: Guns, Crime, and Safety | journal = The Journal of Law and Economics  | volume = 44 | issue = S2 | date = October 2001 | jstor = 10.1086/jle.2001.44.issue-S2 | doi = 10.1086/jle.2001.44.issue-S2 }}</ref> Academics of all interests in the debate were invited to participate and provide refereed empirical research.<ref>{{cite web | last = Levitt | first = Steven D. | author-link = Steven Levitt | title = Letter from Steven D. Levitt to John B. McCall | url = http://johnrlott.tripod.com/uploaded_images/LevittCorrection-735079.jpg | date = July 26, 2007 }} Clarifying comments on the JLE conference issue.</ref> As follows are some papers from that conference supported Lott's conclusions.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Ayres | first1 = Ian | last2 = Donohue III | first2 = John J.  | author-link1 = Ian Ayres | author-link2 = John J. Donohue III | title = Shooting down the 'more guns, less crime' hypothesis | journal = [[Stanford Law Review]] | volume = 55 | issue = 4 | pages = 1193&ndash;1312 | publisher = [[Stanford Law School]] | jstor = 1229603 | date = April 2003 }} [http://islandia.law.yale.edu/ayres/Ayres_Donohue_comment.pdf Pdf.]</ref>

* Bruce L. Benson, Florida State University, and Brent D. Mast, American Enterprise Institute, "Privately Produced General Deterrence", ''[[The Journal of Law and Economics]]'', October 2001.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Benson | first1 = Bruce L. | last2 = Mast | first2 = Brent D. | author-link1 = Bruce L. Benson | title = Privately produced general deterrence | journal = The Journal of Law and Economics | volume = 44 | issue = S2 | pages = 725&ndash;746 | doi = 10.1086/323766 | jstor = 10.1086/323766 | ssrn = 286081 | date = October 2001 | s2cid = 5521001 }}</ref>
* John R. Lott, Jr, "The Concealed-Handgun Debate," ''[[Journal of Legal Studies]]'', January 1998.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Lott Jr. | first = John R. | author-link = John Lott (political activist) | title = The concealed-handgun debate | journal = [[The Journal of Legal Studies]] | volume = 27 | issue = 1 | pages = 221&ndash;243 | doi = 10.1086/468020 | jstor = 10.1086/468020 | date = January 1998 | s2cid = 55111823 }} [http://dvc.org.uk/dunblane/lottr.pdf Pdf.]</ref>
* Florenz Plassmann, State University of New York at Binghamton, and T. Nicolaus Tideman, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, "Does the right to carry concealed handguns deter countable crimes? Only a count analysis can say", ''[[The Journal of Law and Economics]]'', October 2001.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Plassmann | first1 = Florenz | last2 = Tideman | first2 = T. Nicolaus | author-link2 =Nicolaus Tideman | title = Does the right to carry concealed handguns deter countable crimes? Only a count analysis can say | journal = The Journal of Law and Economics | volume = 44 | issue = S2 | pages = 771&ndash;798 | doi = 10.1086/323311 | jstor = 10.1086/323311 | date = October 2001 | s2cid = 16157781 }} [http://www.udel.edu/soc/faculty/parker/SOCI836_S08_files/Plassmann&Tidemann_JLE01.pdf Pdf.]</ref>
* [[Carlisle E. Moody]], College of William and Mary, "Testing for the effects of concealed weapons laws: Specification errors and robustness," ''[[The Journal of Law and Economics]]'', October 2001.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Moody | first = Carlisle E. | title = Testing for the effects of concealed weapons laws: specification errors and robustness | journal = The Journal of Law and Economics | volume = 44 | issue = S2 | pages = 799&ndash;813 | doi = 10.1086/323313 | jstor = 10.1086/323313 | ssrn = 281240 | date = October 2001 | s2cid = 154918586 }}</ref>
* David E. Olson, Loyola University Chicago, and Michael D. Maltz, University of Illinois at Chicago, "Right-to-carry concealed weapons laws and homicide in large U.S. counties: the effect on weapon types, victim characteristics, and victim-offender relationships," ''[[The Journal of Law and Economics]]'', October 2001.<ref name=olsonmaltz>{{Cite journal | last1 = Olson | first1 = David E. | last2 = Maltz | first2 = Michael D. | author-link2 = Michael Maltz | title = Right-to-carry concealed weapon laws and homicide in large U.S. counties: the effect on weapon types, victim characteristics, and victim-offender relationships | journal = The Journal of Law and Economics | volume = 44 | issue = S2 | pages = 747&ndash;770 | doi = 10.1086/338345 | jstor = 10.1086/338345  | date = October 2001 |citeseerx=10.1.1.180.2974| s2cid = 9250327 }}</ref> They found "a decrease in total homicides."
* David B. Mustard, University of Georgia, "The Impact of Gun Laws on Police Deaths," ''[[The Journal of Law and Economics]]'', October 2001.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Mustard | first = David B. | title = The impact of gun laws on police deaths | journal = The Journal of Law and Economics | volume = 44 | issue = S2 | pages = 635&ndash;657 | doi = 10.1086/323312 | jstor = 10.1086/323312 | ssrn = 272143 | date = October 2001 | s2cid = 4983292 }} [http://www.terry.uga.edu/~mustard/police.pdf Pdf.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222092644/http://www.terry.uga.edu/~mustard/police.pdf |date=2012-12-22 }}</ref>
* John R. Lott, Jr and John Whitley, "Safe-Storage Gun Laws: Accidental Deaths, Suicides, and Crime," ''[[The Journal of Law and Economics]]'', October 2001.<ref name="Lott Jr. 659–689"/>
* T. B. Marvell, Justec Research, "The Impact of Banning Juvenile Gun Possession," ''[[The Journal of Law and Economics]]'', October 2001.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Marvell | first = Thomas B. | title = The impact of banning juvenile gun possession | url = http://johnrlott.tripod.com/Marvell.pdf | journal = The Journal of Law and Economics | volume = 44 | issue = S2 | pages = 691&ndash;713 | doi = 10.1086/323314 | jstor = 10.1086/323314 | date = October 2001 | s2cid = 154492747 }}</ref> Marvell found evidence that right-to-carry laws reduced rape rates.

Other refereed empirical academic studies besides the original paper with David Mustard that have supported Lott's conclusions include the following.

* William Alan Bartley and Mark A. Cohen, Vanderbilt University, "The Effect of Concealed Weapons Laws: An Extreme Bound Analysis", ''Economic Inquiry'', 1998.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Bartley | first1 = William Alan | last2 = Cohen | first2 = Mark A. | title = The effect of concealed weapons laws: an extreme bound analysis | journal = [[Economic Inquiry]] | volume = 36 | issue = 2 | pages = 258&ndash;265 | doi = 10.1111/j.1465-7295.1998.tb01711.x | date = April 1998 }} [http://crimeresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Bartley-Cohen-Economic-Inquiry-1998.pdf Pdf.]</ref>
* Stephen G. Bronars, University of Texas, and John R. Lott, Jr., "Criminal Deterrence, Geographic Spillovers, and Right-to-Carry Concealed Handguns", ''[[American Economic Review]]'', May 1998.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Bronars | first1 = Stephen G. | last2 = Lott Jr. | first2 = John R. | author-link2 = John Lott (political activist) | title = Criminal deterrence, geographic spillovers, and the right to carry concealed handguns | journal = The American Economic Review | volume = 88 | issue = 2 | pages = 475&ndash;479 | publisher = [[American Economic Association]] | jstor = 116970 | ssrn = 56862 | date = May 1998 }}</ref>
* John R. Lott, Jr and John Whitley, University of Adelaide, "Abortion and Crime: Unwanted Children and Out-of-Wedlock Births," ''[[Economic Inquiry]]'', April 2007.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Lott Jr. | first1 = John R. | last2 = Whitley | first2 = John | author-link1 = John Lott (political activist) | title = Abortion and crime: unwanted children and out-of-wedlock births | journal = [[Economic Inquiry]] | volume = 45 | issue = 2 | pages = 304&ndash;324 | doi = 10.1111/j.1465-7295.2006.00040.x | date = April 2007 | s2cid = 154819324 | url = https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/lepp_papers/254 }}</ref>
* John R. Lott, Jr and John Whitley, University of Adelaide, "A Note on the Use of County-Level UCR Data," ''[[Journal of Quantitative Criminology]]'', October 2001.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Lott Jr. | first1 = John R. | last2 = Whitley | first2 = John | author-link1 = John Lott (political activist) | title = Measurement error in county-level UCR data | journal = [[Journal of Quantitative Criminology]] | volume = 19 | issue = 2 | pages = 185&ndash;198 | jstor = 23366840 | ssrn = 320102 | date = June 2003 | doi = 10.1023/A:1023054204615 | s2cid = 142859587 }}</ref>
* Florenz Plassmann, State University of New York at Binghamton, and John Whitley, University of Adelaide, 'Confirming "More Guns, Less Crime"', ''Stanford Law Review'', 2003.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Plassmann | first1 = Florenz | first2 = John R. | last2 = Whitley | title = Confirming "more guns, less crime" | journal = [[Stanford Law Review]] | volume = 55 | issue = 4 | pages = 1313&ndash;1369 | publisher = [[Stanford Law School]] | jstor = 1229604 | date = April 2003 }} [http://johnrlott.tripod.com/Plassmann_Whitley.pdf  Pdf.]</ref>
* Eric Helland, Claremont-McKenna College and Alexander Tabarrok, George Mason University, 'Using Placebo Laws to Test "More Guns, Less Crime",' ''[[BEJEAP|The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy]]'', 2008.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Helland | first1 = Eric | last2 = Tabarrok | first2 = Alex | author-link1 = Eric Helland | author-link2 = Alex Tabarrok | title = Using placebo laws to test "more guns, less crime" | journal = [[Bepress#Journals|The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy]] | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | doi = 10.2202/1538-0637.1182 | date = December 2004 | s2cid = 154327876 }}</ref>
* Carlisle E. Moody, College of William and Mary, and Thomas B. Marvell, Justec Research, "The Debate on Shall-Issue Laws", ''Econ Journal Watch'', 2008.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Moody | first1 = Carlisle E. | last2 = Marvell | first2 = Thomas B. | title = The debate on shall-issue laws | journal = [[Econ Journal Watch]] | volume = 5 | issue = 3 | pages = 269&ndash;293 | publisher = [[Atlas Network]] | date = September 2008 | url = http://econjwatch.org/articles/the-debate-on-shall-issue-laws }} [http://econjwatch.org/file_download/234/2008-09-moodymarvell-com.pdf Pdf.]</ref>
* Carlisle E. Moody and Thomas B. Marvell, "The Debate on Shall-Issue Laws," Econ Journal Watch, September 2008 <ref>{{Cite journal | last = Marvell | first = Thomas B. | title = The Debate on Shall-Issue Laws | journal = Econ Journal Watch  | volume = 5 | issue = 3 | pages = 696&ndash;715 | date = September 2008 | doi=10.1086/323314| s2cid = 154492747 }}</ref>
* Carlisle E. Moody and Thomas B. Marvell, " On the Choice of Control Variables in the Crime Equation," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, October 2010<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Marvell | first = Thomas B. | title = On the Choice of Control Variables in the Crime Equation | journal = Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics  | volume = 72 | issue = 5 | pages = 696&ndash;715 | date = October 2010 | doi=10.1086/323314| s2cid = 154492747 }}</ref>
* Carlisle E. Moody, Thomas B. Marvell, Paul R Zimmerman, and Fasil Alemante, "The Debate on Shall-Issue Laws," Review of Economics & Finance, 2014<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Marvell | first = Thomas B. | title = The Debate on Shall-Issue Laws | journal = Econ Journal Watch |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=269–293}}</ref>
*Donald J. Lacombe and Amanda Ross, "Revisiting the Question 'More Guns, Less Crime?' New Estimates Using Spatial Econometric Techniques," ''[[Social Science Research Network]]'', 2014.<ref>{{citation|last1=Lacombe|first1=Donald J.|last2=Ross|first2=Amanda|title=Revisiting the Question 'More Guns, Less Crime?' New Estimates Using Spatial Econometric Techniques|date=2014|doi=10.2139/ssrn.2389105|s2cid=150777772}}</ref>
* Mark Gius, "An examination of the effects of concealed weapons laws and assault weapons bans on state-level murder rates," ''[[Applied Economics Letters]]'', 2014.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gius|first1=Mark|title=An examination of the effects of concealed weapons laws and assault weapons bans on state-level murder rates|journal=[[Applied Economics Letters]]|date=26 November 2013|volume=21|issue=4|pages=265–267|doi=10.1080/13504851.2013.854294|s2cid=154746184}}</ref>

===Opposition===
Some academic studies that have rejected Lott's conclusions include the following. Virtually all of these studies contend that there seems to be little or no effect on crime from the passage of license-to-carry laws. One by Ayres and Donohue, published in 2003, finds a temporary increase in aggravated assaults. The authors of the book [[Freakonomics]] report "troubling allegation that Lott actually invented some of the survey data that supports his theory"<ref>[[Freakonomics]], p.84</ref> and that other scholars couldn’t replicate his results (a court later dismissed Lott's defamation claim against the authors).<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 13, 2009 |title=Professor Wasn't Defamed by 'Freakonomics' Author |url=https://www.courthousenews.com/professor-wasnt-defamed-by-freakonomics-author/}}</ref>
*Rutgers sociology professor [[Ted Goertzel]] stated that "Lott's massive data set was simply unsuitable for his task", and that he "compar[ed] trends in Idaho and West Virginia and Mississippi with trends in Washington, D.C. and New York City" without proper statistical controls. He points out that [[econometric]] methods (such as the Lott & Mustard RTC study or the Levitt & Donohue abortion study) are susceptible to misuse and can even become [[junk science]].<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Goertzel | first = Ted | title = Myths of murder and multiple regression | journal = [[The Skeptical Inquirer]] | volume = 26 | issue = 1 | pages = 19&ndash;23 | publisher = [[Committee for Skeptical Inquiry]] | date = January 2002 | url = http://www.csicop.org/author/tedgoertzel }} [http://www.crab.rutgers.edu/~goertzel/mythsofmurder.htm Available online at Rutgers University–Camden.]</ref>
* {{cite book | last = Hemenway | first = David | author-link = David Hemenway | title = Private guns, public health | publisher = University of Michigan Press | location = Ann Arbor | year = 2006 | isbn = 9780472023820 }}
*Ian Ayres, Yale Law School, and John Donohue III, Stanford Law School, "Shooting Down the More Guns, Less Crime Hypothesis," ''[[Stanford Law Review]]'', 2003.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Ayres | first1 = Ian | last2 = Donohue III | first2 = John J. | author-link1 = Ian Ayres | author-link2 = John J. Donohue III | title = Shooting down the "more guns, less crime" hypothesis| journal = [[Stanford Law Review]] | volume = 55 | issue = 4 | pages = 1193&ndash;1312 | publisher = [[Stanford Law School]] | jstor = 1229603 | date = April 2003 }} [http://islandia.law.yale.edu/ayers/Ayres_Donohue_article.pdf Pdf.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112210846/http://islandia.law.yale.edu/ayers/Ayres_Donohue_article.pdf |date=2013-01-12 }}</ref> This study found a temporary increase in aggravated assaults.
*Webster et al., "Flawed gun policy research could endanger public safety", ''[[American Journal of Public Health]]'', 1997.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Webster|first1=DW|author-link1=Daniel Webster (academic)|last2=Vernick|first2=JS|author-link2=Jon S. Vernick|last3=Ludwig|first3=J|author-link3=Jens Ludwig (economist)|last4=Lester|first4=KJ|title=Flawed gun policy research could endanger public safety.|journal=[[American Journal of Public Health]]|date=June 1997|volume=87|issue=6|pages=918–921|pmid=9224169|pmc=1380922|doi=10.2105/ajph.87.6.918}}</ref>
*Jens Ludwig, Georgetown University, "Concealed-Gun-Carrying Laws and Violent Crime: Evidence from State Panel Data", ''[[International Review of Law and Economics]]'', 1998.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Ludwig | first = Jens | title = Concealed-gun-carrying laws and violent crime: evidence from state panel data | journal = [[International Review of Law and Economics]] | volume = 18 | issue = 3 | pages = 239&ndash;254 | doi = 10.1016/S0144-8188(98)00012-X | date = September 1998 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
*Dan Black and [[Daniel Nagin]], "Do 'Right-to-Carry' Laws Deter Violent Crime?" ''[[Journal of Legal Studies]]'', (January 1998).<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Black | first1 = Dan A. |author-link1=Dan A. Black| last2 = Nagin | first2 = Daniel S. | author-link2=Daniel Nagin|title = Do right-to-carry laws deter violent crime? | journal = [[The Journal of Legal Studies]] | volume = 27 | issue = 1 | pages = 209&ndash;219 | doi = 10.1086/468019 | jstor = 10.1086/468019 | date = January 1998 | s2cid = 154626760 }}</ref>
*Hashem Dezhbakhsh and [[Paul H. Rubin]], "Lives Saved or Lives Lost? The Effects of Concealed-Handgun Laws on Crime," ''[[The American Economic Review]]'', 1998.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Lives Saved or Lives Lost? The Effects of Concealed-Handgun Laws on Crime | author=Dezhbakhsh, Hashem | journal=[[The American Economic Review]] |date=May 1998|volume=88 | issue=2 | pages=468–474|jstor=116969|publisher=Papers and Proceedings of the Hundred and Tenth Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association }}</ref>
*Mark Duggan, University of Chicago, "More Guns, More Crime," National Bureau of Economic Research, NBER Working Paper No. W7967, October 2000, later published in ''[[Journal of Political Economy]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Duggan | first1 = Mark | title = More guns, more crime | journal = [[Journal of Political Economy]] | volume = 109 | issue = 5 | pages = 1086–1114 | doi = 10.1086/322833 | date = October 2001 | s2cid = 33899679 }}</ref>
*David E. Olson and Michael D. Maltz, "Right‐to‐Carry Concealed Weapon Laws and Homicide in Large U.S. Counties: The Effect on Weapon Types, Victim Characteristics, and Victim‐Offender Relationships," ''[[The Journal of Law & Economics]]'', 2001. This study found mixed results as to whether right-to-carry laws were associated with similar effects as reported by Lott and Mustard or not.<ref name=olsonmaltz/>
*Grant Duwe, Tomislav Kovandzic, and Carlisle E. Moody, "The Impact of Right-to-Carry Concealed Firearm Laws on Mass Public Shootings" ''Homicide Studies'' 4 (2002).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Duwe|first1=G.|last2=Kovandzic|first2=T.|last3=Moody|first3=C. E.|title=The Impact of Right-to-Carry Concealed Firearm Laws on Mass Public Shootings|journal=[[Homicide Studies]]|date=1 November 2002|volume=6|issue=4|pages=271–296|doi=10.1177/108876702237341|s2cid=145224076}}</ref>
*Tomislav V. Kovandzic and Thomas B. Marvell, "Right-to-Carry Concealed Firearms and Violent Crime: Crime Control Through Gun Decontrol?" ''[[Criminology and Public Policy]]'' 2, (2003).<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Kovandzic | first1 = Tomislav V. | last2 = Marvell | first2 = Thomas B. | title = Right-to-carry concealed firearms and violent crime: crime control through gun decontrol? | journal = [[Criminology & Public Policy]] | volume = 2 | issue = 3 | pages = 363&ndash;396 | doi = 10.1111/j.1745-9133.2003.tb00002.x | date = July 2003 }}</ref>
*John J. Donahue III, Stanford Law School, 'The Final Bullet in the Body of the More Guns, Less Crime Hypothesis', ''Criminology and Public Policy'', 2003.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Donohue III | first = John J. | author-link = John J. Donohue III | title = The final bullet in the body of the more guns, less crime hypothesis | journal = Criminology & Public Policy | volume = 2 | issue = 3 | pages = 397&ndash;410 | doi = 10.1111/j.1745-9133.2003.tb00003.x | date = July 2003 }}</ref>
*Tomislav V. Kovandzic, Thomas B. Marvell and Lynne M. Vieraitis, "The Impact of "Shall-Issue" Concealed Handgun Laws on Violent Crime Rates: Evidence From Panel Data for Large Urban Cities" ''Homicide Studies'' (2005): 292–323.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kovandzic|first1=T. V.|title=The Impact of 'Shall-Issue' Concealed Handgun Laws on Violent Crime Rates: Evidence From Panel Data for Large Urban Cities|url= |journal=Homicide Studies|date=1 November 2005|volume=9|issue=4|pages=292–323|doi=10.1177/1088767905279972|s2cid=145348706}}</ref>
*Michael D. Maltz and Joseph Targonski, "Measurement and Other Errors in County-Level UCR Data: A Reply to Lott and Whitley," ''[[Journal of Quantitative Criminology]]'' June 2003: 199-206.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Maltz|first1=Michael D.|last2=Targonski|first2=Joseph|title=Measurement and Other Errors in County-Level UCR Data: A Reply to Lott and Whitley|journal=[[Journal of Quantitative Criminology]]|date=2003|volume=19|issue=2|pages=199–206|doi=10.1023/A:1023006321454|s2cid=145066987}}</ref>
*Lisa Hepburn, Matthew Miller, Deborah Azrael, and David Hemenway "The effect of nondiscretionary concealed weapon carrying laws on homicide", ''[[Journal of Trauma]]'' March 2004: 676-81.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hepburn |first1=Lisa |last2=Miller |first2=Matthew |last3=Azrael |first3=Deborah |last4=Hemenway |first4=David |date=March 2004 |title=The effect of nondiscretionary concealed weapon carrying laws on homicide. |pmid=15128143 |journal=[[The Journal of Trauma]] |language=en |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=676–681 |issn=0022-5282  |doi=10.1097/01.ta.0000068996.01096.39}}</ref>
*Robert A. Martin Jr. and Richard L. Legault, "Systematic Measurement Error with State-Level Crime Data: Evidence from the "More Guns, Less Crime" Debate," ''[[Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency]]'' May 2005: 187–210.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Martin|first1=R. A.|title=Systematic Measurement Error with State-Level Crime Data: Evidence from the 'More Guns, Less Crime' Debate|journal=[[Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency]]|date=1 May 2005|volume=42|issue=2|pages=187–210|doi=10.1177/0022427804270052|s2cid=146585671}}</ref>
*Rosengart et al., "An evaluation of state firearm regulations and homicide and suicide death rates," ''[[Injury Prevention]]'' 2005: 77–83.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rosengart|first1=M|title=An evaluation of state firearm regulations and homicide and suicide death rates|journal=[[Injury Prevention]]|date=1 April 2005|volume=11|issue=2|pages=77–83|doi=10.1136/ip.2004.007062|pmid=15805435|pmc=1730198}}</ref>
*[[Patricia Grambsch]], "Regression to the Mean, Murder Rates, and Shall-Issue Laws," ''[[The American Statistician]]'' (2008).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Grambsch|first1=Patricia|title=Regression to the Mean, Murder Rates, and Shall-Issue Laws|journal=[[The American Statistician]]|date=November 2008|volume=62|issue=4|pages=289–295|doi=10.1198/000313008X362446|s2cid=123056682}}</ref>
*Benjamin French and Patrick J. Heagerty, "Analysis of Longitudinal Data to Evaluate a Policy Change", ''[[Statistics in Medicine (journal)|Statistics in Medicine]]'' October 30, 2008: 5005–5025. This study concluded that "enacting a shall-issue law is associated with a weak but non-significant increase in firearm-related homicide rates."<ref>{{cite journal|last1=French|first1=Benjamin|last2=Heagerty|first2=Patrick J.|title=Analysis of longitudinal data to evaluate a policy change|journal=Statistics in Medicine|date=30 October 2008|volume=27|issue=24|pages=5005–5025|doi=10.1002/sim.3340|pmid=18618416|pmc=3415557}}</ref> 
*John Donohue and Ian Ayres. "More Guns, Less Crime Fails Again: The Latest Evidence from 1977–2006" <!-- "from x–y" is WRONG, but can't be changed, since it's part of that article's title -->''Econ Journal Watch'' (2009): 218–238.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Ayres | first1 = Ian | last2 = Donohue III | first2 = John J. | author-link1 = Ian Ayres | author-link2 = John J. Donohue III | title = More guns, less crime fails again: the latest evidence from 1977–2006 | journal = [[Econ Journal Watch]] | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | pages = 218&ndash;238 | publisher = [[Atlas Network]] | date = May 2009 | url = http://econjwatch.org/articles/more-guns-less-crime-fails-again-the-latest-evidence-from-1977-2006?ref=articles }} [http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1065&context=john_donohue Pdf.]</ref>
*{{cite journal|last1=Hoskin|first1=Anthony|title=Household gun prevalence and rates of violent crime: a test of competing gun theories|journal=[[Criminal Justice Studies]]|date=March 2011|volume=24|issue=1|pages=125–136|doi=10.1080/1478601X.2011.544445|s2cid=144072789}}<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hoskin|first1=Anthony|title=Household gun prevalence and rates of violent crime: a test of competing gun theories|journal=[[Criminal Justice Studies]]|date=March 2011|volume=24|issue=1|pages=125–136|doi=10.1080/1478601X.2011.544445|s2cid=144072789}}</ref>
*{{cite journal|last1=Aneja|first1=A.|last2=Donohue|first2=J. J.|last3=Zhang|first3=A.|title=The Impact of Right-to-Carry Laws and the NRC Report: Lessons for the Empirical Evaluation of Law and Policy|journal=[[American Law and Economics Review]]|date=29 October 2011|volume=13|issue=2|pages=565–631|url=http://crimeresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Aneja-Donohue-and-Zhang-ALER.pdf|doi=10.1093/aler/ahr009}}<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Aneja|first1=A.|last2=Donohue|first2=J. J.|last3=Zhang|first3=A.|title=The Impact of Right-to-Carry Laws and the NRC Report: Lessons for the Empirical Evaluation of Law and Policy|journal=[[American Law and Economics Review]]|date=29 October 2011|volume=13|issue=2|pages=565–631|url=http://crimeresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Aneja-Donohue-and-Zhang-ALER.pdf|doi=10.1093/aler/ahr009}}</ref>
*[[Wolfgang Stroebe]], "Firearm possession and violent death: A critical review," ''[[Aggression and Violent Behavior]]'', 2013.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Stroebe|first1=Wolfgang|title=Firearm possession and violent death: A critical review|journal=[[Aggression and Violent Behavior]]|date=November 2013|volume=18|issue=6|pages=709–721|doi=10.1016/j.avb.2013.07.025|hdl=10419/214553|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
*Sripal Bangalore and Franz Messerli, "Gun Ownership and Firearm-related Deaths," ''[[The American Journal of Medicine]]'', 2013.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bangalore|first1=Sripal|last2=Messerli|first2=Franz H.|title=Gun Ownership and Firearm-related Deaths|journal=[[The American Journal of Medicine]]|date=October 2013|volume=126|issue=10|pages=873–876|doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.04.012|pmid=24054955|url=https://www.issuelab.org/permalink/resource/28310|doi-access=free}}</ref>
*{{cite journal|last1=Kesteren|first1=John van|last2=Dijk|first2=Jan van|last3=Mayhew|first3=Pat|title=The International Crime Victims Surveys|journal=[[International Review of Victimology]]|date=January 2014|volume=20|issue=1|pages=49–69|doi=10.1177/0269758013511742|s2cid=145082706}}<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kesteren|first1=John van|last2=Dijk|first2=Jan van|last3=Mayhew|first3=Pat|title=The International Crime Victims Surveys|journal=[[International Review of Victimology]]|date=January 2014|volume=20|issue=1|pages=49–69|doi=10.1177/0269758013511742|s2cid=145082706}}</ref>
*Manski & Pepper, "How Do Right-to-Carry Laws Affect Crime Rates? Coping with Ambiguity Using Bounded-Variation Assumptions", ''[[Review of Economics and Statistics]]'', 2015.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Manski|first1=Charles F.|author-link1=Charles F. Manski|last2=Pepper|first2=John V.|title=How do Right-to-Carry Laws Affect Crime Rates? Coping with Ambiguity using Bounded-Variation Assumptions|journal=[[The Review of Economics and Statistics]]|volume=100|issue=2|pages=232–244|date=18 June 2017|doi=10.1162/REST_a_00689|s2cid=43138806|url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w21701.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180602050551/http://www.nber.org/papers/w21701.pdf |archive-date=2018-06-02 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*Steven N. Durlauf, Salvador Navarro, David A. Rivers, "Model uncertainty and the effect of shall-issue right-to-carry laws on crime," ''[[European Economic Review]]'', 2016.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Durlauf|first1=Steven N.|author-link=Steven Durlauf|last2=Navarro|first2=Salvador|last3=Rivers|first3=David A.|title=Model uncertainty and the effect of shall-issue right-to-carry laws on crime|journal=[[European Economic Review]]|date=January 2016|volume=81|pages=32–67|doi=10.1016/j.euroecorev.2015.07.020|citeseerx=10.1.1.696.3159|s2cid=1575410}}</ref>