Editing Monterrey (section)

==Geography==
[[File:MTY4.jpg|thumb|Monterrey seen from a [[Cerro de la Silla]] antenna. The mountain to the left in the background is [[Cerro de las Mitras]]; that on the right is [[Cerro del Topo Chico]].]]
[[File:Mount Silla and Monterrey MX.jpg|thumb|City of Monterrey from the [[International Space Station|ISS]], 2017]]

The city of Monterrey is {{convert|540|m|ft|-1}} [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]] in the northeastern state of [[Nuevo León]].<ref name="NLgeo">{{Cite web |title=Peaks and bodies of water |url=http://www.nl.gob.mx/?P=nl_orografia_hidrografia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140327165002/http://nl.gob.mx/?P=nl_orografia_hidrografia |archive-date=March 27, 2014 |access-date=May 15, 2013 |publisher=Gobierno del Estado de Nuevo León, México }}</ref> Monterrey translated literally from Spanish to English is "King Mount" or "King Mountain", and [[folk etymology]] claims that this refers to the city's topography and the large mountains that surround it (actually, the city was named after the wife of [[Gaspar de Zúñiga, 5th Count of Monterrey]]). The Santa Catarina River—dry most of the year on the surface but with flowing underground water—bisects Monterrey from east to west, separating the city into north and south halves, and drains the city to the [[San Juan River (Tamaulipas)|San Juan River]] and [[Rio Grande]].

Monterrey is adjacent to [[San Nicolás de los Garza]], [[García, Nuevo León|García]] and [[General Escobedo]] to the north; [[Guadalupe, Nuevo León|Guadalupe]], [[Juárez, Nuevo León|Juárez]] and [[Cadereyta Jiménez]] to the east; [[Santiago, Nuevo León|Santiago]] to the south; and [[San Pedro Garza García]] and [[Santa Catarina, Nuevo León|Santa Catarina]] to the west. Their combined metropolitan population is over 4,080,329 people.<ref name="INEGI-CEM-geo">{{cite web |url=http://www.inegi.org.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/sistemas/cem06/info/nln/m039/c19039_01.xls |title=Sistema para la Consulta del CEM Monterrey, Nuevo León, Edición 2006 – Aspectos Geográficos (spanish) |publisher=INEGI |year=2006 |access-date=July 1, 2009 |format=[[Microsoft Excel file format|XLS]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019140325/http://www.inegi.org.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/sistemas/cem06/info/nln/m039/c19039_01.xls |archive-date=October 19, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Monterrey lies north of the foothills of the [[Sierra Madre Oriental]] [[mountain range]]. A small hill, the [[Cerro del Topo Chico|Cerro del Topo]], and the smaller [[Cerro del Topo Chico|Topo Chico]] are in the suburbs of San Nicolás de los Garza and Escobedo. West of the city rises the [[Cerro de las Mitras]] (Mountain of the Mitres), which resemble the profile of several bishops with their [[mitre]]s.

[[Cerro de la Silla]] (Saddle Mountain) dominates the view at the east of the city and is considered a major symbol of the city. [[Cerro de la Loma Larga]]—South of the Santa Catarina river—separates Monterrey from the suburb of San Pedro Garza García. At the summit of the [[Cerro del Obispado]], north of the river, is the historic [[Cerro del Obispado|Bishopric Palace]], site of one of the most important battles of the [[Mexican–American War]].

===Natural areas===
[[File:Cerro_de_la_silla201308-1.JPG|thumb|[[Cerro de la Silla]]]]

The mountains surrounding Monterrey are home to many canyons, trails, and roads that cross deserts and forests, offering suitable trails for the general public. The [[Sierra Madre Oriental mountains]] to the south of the city are part of the Parque Nacional Cumbres de Monterrey, which is part of UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Program of Biosphere Reserves, a designation it received in 2006.<ref name="Biosphere">{{cite web |url=http://www.unesco.org/mab/BRs/LacBRlist.shtml |title=Latin America & Caribbean |date=September 2, 2008 |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization People, Biodiversity and Ecology |access-date=April 17, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081108104914/http://www.unesco.org/mab/BRs/LacBRlist.shtml |archive-date=November 8, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Key locations within Cumbres de Monterrey includes:
* Parque Ecológico Chipinque, which features forested areas predominantly made up of oak and oak-pine trees.<ref name="Chipinque">{{Cite web |title=Chipinque Ecological Park website |url=http://www.chipinque.org.mx/webchipinque/ingles/portada/index3.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060516180504/http://www.chipinque.org.mx/webchipinque/ingles/portada/index3.htm |archive-date=May 16, 2006 |access-date=February 16, 2006 }}</ref><ref name="Conservation">{{Cite web |url=https://imernar.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201073035/http://www.imernar.org/pdfs/jaguar%20pdf.pdf |url-status=usurped |title=ฝาก 20 รับ 50 ถอนไม่อั้น |archive-date=December 1, 2007 }}</ref><ref name="CumbresdeMonterrey">{{cite news |url=http://www.elporvenir.com.mx/notas.asp?nota_id=117985 |title=Siguen en defensa de La Huasteca |newspaper=El Porvenir |access-date=April 17, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721000126/http://www.elporvenir.com.mx/notas.asp?nota_id=117985 |archive-date=July 21, 2011 }}</ref><ref name="CumbresdeMonterrey2">{{cite news |url=http://www.elporvenir.com.mx/notas.asp?nota_id=127001 |title=Realizarán protestas ciudadanas contra Valle de Reyes |newspaper=El Porvenir |access-date=April 17, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721000151/http://www.elporvenir.com.mx/notas.asp?nota_id=127001 |archive-date=July 21, 2011 }}</ref>
* La [[Estanzuela state park]], located about {{cvt|7|km|mi|0}} south of Monterrey, offering a river and forested area.<ref name="Estanzuela">{{cite web |url=http://www.naba.org/chapters/nabast/Estanzuela.html |title=La Estanzuela Parque Natural |publisher=Naba.org |access-date=April 17, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103192408/http://www.naba.org/chapters/nabast/Estanzuela.html |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[La Huasteca Climbing Area|La Huasteca]], to the west of the city, in the municipality of [[Santa Catarina, Nuevo León|Santa Catarina]].
* ''El [[Potrero Chico|Potrero Chico Climbing Area]]'', located northeast of the city, in the municipality of [[Hidalgo, Nuevo León|Hidalgo]].
<!--* [[Birding]] is also a popular activity around Monterrey.<ref name="Birding">[http://www.texasbirds.org/field_trips/mexico_032003_report.html Mexico Trip, 3/7/03 – 3/11/03, Monterrey / Saltillo area]. John Haas, Texas Ornithological Society. March 16, 2003. Retrieved December 18, 2006. {{dead link|date=March 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic }}</ref> -->
* [[Grutas de García|Garcia Caves]] – discovered in 1843 in Garcia, Nuevo León. These caves feature stunning stalagmite formations and snail fossils.<ref name=" Garcia Caves">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bestday.com/Monterrey/Attractions/ |title=Monterrey attractions |access-date=February 24, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224175109/http://www.bestday.com/Monterrey/Attractions/ |archive-date=February 24, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Matacanes – in the municipality of Potrero Redondo in [[Santiago, Nuevo Leon]]. this is a 10 hour walking tour that includes rappel descents, underground rivers, waterfalls, and other natural obstacles.<ref name=" Matacanes">{{cite web |url=http://www.matacanes.net/matacanes.php?lang=eng&dest=2 |title=Matacanes – Adventure Travel – MEXICO & Canyoneering |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215121032/http://www.matacanes.net/matacanes.php?lang=eng&dest=2 |archive-date=February 15, 2015 }}</ref>
* Hydrophobia Canyon – similar to Matacanes, but a completely aquatic area.<ref name="Hydrophobia">{{cite web |url=http://www.matacanes.net/matacanes.php?lang=eng&dest=20 |title=Matacanes – Adventure Travel – MEXICO & Canyoneering |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215070850/http://www.matacanes.net/matacanes.php?lang=eng&dest=20 |archive-date=February 15, 2015 }}</ref>
* Cascade Cola de Caballo – a spectacular waterfall in Santiago Nuevo Leon, formed by water that runs down from the mountains of Parque Nacional Cumbres de Monterrey, It is surrounded by impressive rock formations and expansive forests.

===Climate===
[[File:Skymty.jpg|thumb|left|Intense cloud layer over Monterrey]]
Monterrey has a [[semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''BSh''), not having enough precipitation for a [[humid subtropical climate]]. Being inland at a modest elevation, it is one of the warmest major cities in Mexico.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://weather.com/ |title=National and Local Weather Forecast, Hurricane, Radar and Report |publisher=Weather.com |access-date=April 17, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509161400/http://www.weather.com/ |archive-date=May 9, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> Summers are generally hot, spring and fall temperate, and winters mild, with temperatures rarely below freezing.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=049367&refer= |title=Monterrey, Nuevo León Travel Weather Averages |publisher=Weatherbase |access-date=November 17, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229121744/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=049367&refer= |archive-date=December 29, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> The average high in August is {{cvt|36|°C|°F}} and the average low is {{cvt|24|°C|°F}}. The average January high is {{cvt|22|°C|°F}} and the average low in January is {{cvt|10|°C|°F}}. Rainfall is scarce in winter, but more frequent during May through September.

Monterrey frequently experiences extreme weather changes; for example, it sometimes reaches {{cvt|30|°C|°F}} in January and February, the coldest months. The most extreme weather changes in summer occur with rainfall, which can reduce temperatures significantly, and the temporary absence of the ''northern winds'' in winter, which can lead to abnormally high temperatures. Seasons are not well defined; the warm season may start in February and may last until September. In April and May 2011 temperatures reached {{cvt|45|°C|°F}} or higher, causing fires and extreme heat. Snow is a very rare event, although an accumulation of {{cvt|20|in|cm|-1|abbr=in|order=flip}} in 8&nbsp;hours occurred in January 1967.<ref name="Winkler">{{cite journal |last=Winkler |first=William |title=The Weather and Circulation of January 1967 |journal=Monthly Weather Review |volume=95 |issue=4 |pages=227–233 |url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/095/mwr-095-04-0227.pdf |access-date=January 29, 2013 |year=1967 |doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1967)095<0227:ammwuh>2.3.co;2 |bibcode=1967MWRv...95..227W |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522204642/http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/095/mwr-095-04-0227.pdf |archive-date=May 22, 2013 |url-status=live |doi-access=free }}</ref> The most recent snowfall was in February 2021. Sleet and ice events occurred in January 2007, December 2009, January and February 2010, and February 2011,<ref>{{YouTube|23qSWFb-aE4|Monterrey Nevada Febrero 2011 }}</ref> caused by temperatures around {{cvt|-5|°C|°F}}.

From June 30 to July 2, 2010, Monterrey was hit by the worst natural disaster in the city's history when [[Hurricane Alex (2010)|Hurricane Alex]] delivered more than {{cvt|584|mm|in|0}} of rain in 72&nbsp;hours, with areas reaching up to {{cvt|1|m|in|0}} of rain during that same period, destroying homes, avenues, highways and infrastructure, and leaving up to 200,000 families without water for a week or more. The amount of water that fell was equivalent to the average precipitation for a year. This was about 3–4 times as much rain as [[Hurricane Gilbert]] produced in the city on September 15, 1988. The death toll of Hurricane Alex was estimated to be around 20.
{{Weather box
|location = Monterrey (1991-2020), extremes (1929-present)
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan record high C = 38.0
|Feb record high C = 39.5
|Mar record high C = 43.0
|Apr record high C = 48.0
|May record high C = 46.0
|Jun record high C = 45.0
|Jul record high C = 41.5
|Aug record high C = 42.5
|Sep record high C = 41.0
|Oct record high C = 39.0
|Nov record high C = 39.0
|Dec record high C = 39.0
|year record high C = 
|Jan high C = 22.4
|Feb high C = 23.9
|Mar high C = 27.7
|Apr high C = 31.2
|May high C = 33.5
|Jun high C = 35.7
|Jul high C = 35.6
|Aug high C = 36.1
|Sep high C = 32.6
|Oct high C = 29.0
|Nov high C = 24.5
|Dec high C = 21.8
|year high C = 
|Jan mean C = 15.2
|Feb mean C = 17.8
|Mar mean C = 20.9
|Apr mean C = 24.2
|May mean C = 26.5
|Jun mean C = 28.6
|Jul mean C = 28.8
|Aug mean C = 28.9
|Sep mean C = 26.1
|Oct mean C = 23.1
|Nov mean C = 18.9
|Dec mean C = 15.6
|year mean C = 
|Jan low C = 10.0
|Feb low C = 12.0
|Mar low C = 15.1
|Apr low C = 18.3
|May low C = 21.3
|Jun low C = 23.1
|Jul low C = 23.2
|Aug low C = 23.5
|Sep low C = 21.8
|Oct low C = 18.6
|Nov low C = 13.9
|Dec low C = 10.5
|year low C = 
|Jan record low C = -7.0
|Feb record low C = -7.0
|Mar record low C = -1.0
|Apr record low C = 4.2
|May record low C = 8.0
|Jun record low C = 11.5
|Jul record low C = 11.0
|Aug record low C = 12.2
|Sep record low C = 10.0
|Oct record low C = 1.0
|Nov record low C = -5.0
|Dec record low C = -7.5
<!--Precipitation (rain, snow & hail)-->
|precipitation colour = green <!--To prevent blending of colours-->
|Jan precipitation mm = 21.8
|Feb precipitation mm = 27.3
|Mar precipitation mm = 29.1
|Apr precipitation mm = 33.6
|May precipitation mm = 53.2
|Jun precipitation mm = 62.6
|Jul precipitation mm = 59.9
|Aug precipitation mm = 72.7
|Sep precipitation mm = 199.7
|Oct precipitation mm = 64.1
|Nov precipitation mm = 30.0
|Dec precipitation mm = 22.5
|year precipitation mm = 666.6
<!--Precipitation days-->
|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 4.4
|Feb precipitation days = 4.0
|Mar precipitation days = 4.4
|Apr precipitation days = 4.5
|May precipitation days = 7.0
|Jun precipitation days = 5.5
|Jul precipitation days = 4.2
|Aug precipitation days = 5.5
|Sep precipitation days = 9.1
|Oct precipitation days = 5.9
|Nov precipitation days = 4.8
|Dec precipitation days = 3.7
|year precipitation days = 63.0
<!--Humidity-->
|Jan humidity = 67.5
|Feb humidity = 65.7
|Mar humidity = 63.3
|Apr humidity = 63.1
|May humidity = 67.1
|Jun humidity = 65.4
|Jul humidity = 64.2
|Aug humidity = 63.7
|Sep humidity = 71.3
|Oct humidity = 71.6
|Nov humidity = 71.0
|Dec humidity = 69.0
|year humidity = 
<!--Mean Monthly Sunshine hours-->
|Jan sun = 160.3
|Feb sun = 161.8
|Mar sun = 181.3
|Apr sun = 187.6
|May sun = 206.5
|Jun sun = 222.8
|Jul sun = 237.9
|Aug sun = 258.8
|Sep sun = 184.4
|Oct sun = 179.0
|Nov sun = 156.3
|Dec sun = 139.3
|year sun = 2275.9
|source 1 = NOAA<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-4-WMO-Normals-9120/Mexico/CSV/Monterrey_76393.csv |title=Monterrey Climate Normals 1991-2020 |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date=August 19, 2023 |archive-date=August 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819181011/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-4-WMO-Normals-9120/Mexico/CSV/Monterrey_76393.csv |url-status=live }}</ref>
| source 2 = <ref name=SMNextremes>{{cite web |url=https://smn.conagua.gob.mx/tools/RESOURCES/Max-Extr/00019/00019049.TXT |title=Extreme Temperatures and Precipitation for Monterrey |publisher=Servicio Meteorológico Nacional |language=es |access-date=October 16, 2021 |archive-date=October 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016161735/https://smn.conagua.gob.mx/tools/RESOURCES/Max-Extr/00019/00019049.TXT |url-status=live }}</ref> (Ogimet)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=76393&ano=2024&mes=1&day=17&hora=20&min=0&ndays=30 |title=76393: Monterrey, N.L. (Mexico) |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=January 16, 2024 |website=ogimet.com |publisher=OGIMET |access-date=January 18, 2024 |quote= }}</ref>
}}