Editing Michif (section)

== Phonology ==
Michif as recorded starting in the 1970s combined two separate phonological systems: one for French origin elements, and one for Cree origin elements (Rhodes 1977, 1986). For instance, {{IPA|/y/}}, {{IPA|/l/}}, {{IPA|/r/}} and {{IPA|/f/}} exist only in French words, whereas [[Preaspiration|preaspirated]] stops such as {{IPA|/ʰt/}} and {{IPA|/ʰk/}} exist only in Cree words. In this variety of Michif, the French elements were pronounced in ways that have distinctively Canadian French values for the vowels, while the Cree elements have distinctively Cree values for vowels. Nonetheless, there is some Cree influence on French words in the stress system (Rosen 2006). But by the year 2000 there were Michif speakers who had collapsed the two systems into a single system (Rosen 2007).

===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Consonants in Manitoba Michif<ref>Rosen 2007:109</ref>
|-
!
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Alveolo-palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|n}}
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | Stop
| {{IPA link|p}}
| {{IPA link|t}}
| {{IPA link|tʃ}}
| {{IPA link|k}}
|
|-
| {{IPA link|ʰp}}
| {{IPA link|ʰt}}
| {{IPA link|ʰtʃ}}
| {{IPA link|ʰk}}
|
|-
| {{IPA link|b}}
| {{IPA link|d}}
| {{IPA link|dʒ}}
| {{IPA link|g}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative]]
| {{IPA link|f}}
| {{IPA link|s}}
| {{IPA link|ʃ}}
|
| {{IPA link|h}}
|-
| {{IPA link|v}}
| {{IPA link|z}}
| {{IPA link|ʒ}}
|
|
|-
! [[Approximant]]
| {{IPA link|w}}
| {{IPA link|l}}
| {{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|-
! Trill
|
| {{IPA link|r}}
|
|
|
|}

===Vowels===

Michif has eleven oral vowels and four nasalized vowels.

====Oral vowels====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Oral vowels in Manitoba Michif<ref>Rosen 2008:617</ref>
! !! Front !! Central !! Back
|-
! Close
| {{IPA link|i}} {{quad}} {{IPA link|ɪ}}
| {{IPA link|y}}
| {{IPA link|ʊ}} {{quad}} {{IPA link|u}}
|-
! Mid
| {{IPA link|e}} {{quad}} {{IPA link|ɛ}}
| {{IPA link|œ}}
| {{IPA link|ɔ}} {{quad}} {{IPA link|o}}
|-
! Open
| {{IPA link|a}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɑ}}
|}

====Nasalized vowels====

The following four vowels are nasalized in Michif:

* {{IPA|/ĩ/}}
* {{IPA|/ɛ̃/}}
* {{IPA|/ɔ̃/}}
* {{IPA|/ɑ̃/}}

===Schwa-deletion===
A [[schwa]] /ə/ appearing between two [[consonant]]s in French-origin words is dropped in Michif. Examples of this process are listed in the table below.

{| class="wikitable"

|+/e/-deletion in Michif<ref name="Barkwell">Barkwell & Fleury 2004:11</ref>
|- align="center"
!French !! Michif !! English
|-
| {{Lang|fr|chemin}} || {{Lang|crg|shmen}} || 'path'
|-
| {{Lang|fr|cheveux}} || {{Lang|crg|zhveu}} || 'hair'
|-
| {{Lang|fr|petit}} || {{Lang|crg|pchi}} || 'small'
|-
| {{Lang|fr|cheval}} || {{Lang|crg|zhwal}} || 'horse'
|}

===Elision in Michif===

Rosen (2007) states that since all French-derived vowel-initial nouns in Michif have been lexicalized as consonant-initial, the French rule of elision, which deletes certain vowels (particularly schwa) before vowel-initial words, for ex., {{Lang|fr|le copain}} 'the friend' but {{Lang|fr|l'ami}} 'the friend'), cannot apply in Michif. Curiously, she admits that elision is potentially still active since vowel-initial English loanwords allow elision, as in {{Lang|crg|un bol d'oatmeal}} 'a bowl of oatmeal'. Papen (2014) has countered that elision is, in fact, just as active in French-derived words as is liaison. For example, he examines Noun + di + Noun constructions (as in {{Lang|crg|mwaa di zhanvjii}} vs. {{Lang|crg|mwaa d'oktob}} 'month of January' vs. 'month of October') and finds that 100% of {{IPA|/i/}} (from French schwa) are deleted before French-derived vowel-initial nouns. However, elision does not occur before Cree vowel-initial nouns. This strongly suggests that French phonological rules, such as liaison and elision still function in Michif, but that they apply only to French-derived words and not to Cree-derived ones, implying that Michif phonology is at least partially stratified, contrary to what Rosen (2007) proposes.

===Liaison consonants===
In French, a [[Liaison (French)|liaison]] is used to bridge the gap between word-final and word-initial vowel sounds. Whether liaison still exists in Michif is a much discussed theoretical issue. Scholars such as Bakker (1997),<ref>Bakker, P. 1997. A Language of our own. The genesis of Michif, the mixed Cree-French language of the Canadian Métis. Oxford, Oxford University Press.</ref> Rhodes (1986),<ref>Rhodes, R. 1986. Métchif: A second look. In Actes du Dix-septième Congrès des Algonquinistes, ed. W. Cowan, Ottawa, Carleton University Press, p. 287-296.</ref> and Rosen (2007)<ref>Rosen, N. 2007.  Domains in Michif phonology. PhD thesis, University of Toronto.</ref> have suggested that liaison no longer exists in Michif and that all words that etymologically began with a vowel in French now begin with a consonant, the latter resulting from a variety of sources, including a liaison consonant. Their arguments are based on the fact that the expected liaison consonant (for example, {{IPA|/n/}}) will not show up and instead, the consonant will be {{IPA|/z/}}, as in {{Lang|crg|in zur}} 'a bear' The above authors cite over a dozen words with an unexpected initial consonant. Papen (2003, 2014)<ref>Papen, R. 2003. 'Michif: One phonology or two?', in Y. Chung, C. Gillon, and Wodjak (eds) Proceedings of the Eight Workshop on the Structure and Constituency in Languages of the Americas, University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics 12, p.47-58; Papen, R. 2014. 'La liaison en mitchif : un cas d’acquisition incomplète fossilisée?' in C. Soum-Favaro, A. Coquillon and J.-P. Chevrot (eds.), Liaison : Approches contemporaines. Berlin, Peter Lang, p. 213-238.</ref> has countered this argument by showing that, statistically, the vast majority of so-called initial consonants in Michif reflect the expected liaison consonant and that only about 13% of so-called initial consonants are unexpected. Moreover, Papen points out that one of the so-called initial consonant is {{IPA|/l/}}, which in nearly all cases, represents the elided definite article {{Lang|crg|l}} (from {{Lang|crg|li}}), in which case it cannot be a liaison consonant, since liaison consonants may not have grammatical or semantic meaning. Thus in a sequence such as {{Lang|crg|larb}} the meaning is not simply 'tree' but 'the tree', where initial {{Lang|crg|l}} has the meaning of 'the', and {{IPA|/l/}} is initial only in a phonetic sense, but not in a phonological one, since it represents a distinct morpheme from {{Lang|crg|arb}}, and thus {{Lang|crg|arb}} must be considered phonologically vowel-initial.

{| class="wikitable"

|+Liaison consonants in Michif<ref name="Barkwell" />
|- align="center"
!French !! Michif !! English
|-
| {{Lang|fr|arbre}} || {{Lang|crg|zarbr}} || 'tree'
|-
| {{Lang|fr|étoile}} || {{Lang|crg|zetwel}} || 'star'
|-
| {{Lang|fr|œuf}} || {{Lang|crg|zoeuf}} || 'egg'
|-
| {{Lang|fr|os}} || {{Lang|crg|zo}} || 'bone'
|-
| {{Lang|fr|oignon}} || {{Lang|crg|zawyoun}} || 'onion'
|}

===Palatalization===
The voiced alveolar stop {{IPA|/d/}} in French-origin words is palatalized to {{IPA|/dʒ/}} in Michif, as in [[Acadian French]]. This may occur word-initially or word-internally before front vowels.

{| class="wikitable"

|+Palatalization of {{IPA|/d/}} in Michif<ref name="Barkwell" />
|- align="center"
! French !! Michif !! English
|-
| {{Lang|fr|dix}} || {{Lang|crg|jis}} || 'ten'
|-
| {{Lang|fr|diable}} || {{Lang|crg|jiab}} || 'devil'
|-
| {{Lang|fr|dieu}} || {{Lang|crg|Bon Jeu}} || 'God'
|-
| {{Lang|fr|mardi}} || {{Lang|crg|marji}} || 'Tuesday'
|-
| {{Lang|fr|radis}} || {{Lang|crg|rawjee}} || 'radish'
|-
| {{Lang|fr|diner}} || {{Lang|crg|jinee}} || 'dinner'
|-
| {{Lang|fr|dimanche}} || {{Lang|crg|jimawnsh}} || 'Sunday'
|}