Editing Medicine (section)

==== Surgical specialty ====
{{Main|Surgery}}
[[File:Surgeons at Work.jpg|thumb|Surgeons in an [[operating room]]]]
''Surgery'' is an ancient medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate or treat a [[pathological]] condition such as disease or [[injury]], to help improve bodily function or appearance or to repair unwanted ruptured areas (for example, [[Perforated eardrum|a perforated ear drum]]). Surgeons must also manage pre-operative, post-operative, and potential surgical candidates on the hospital wards. In some centers, [[anesthesiology]] is part of the division of surgery (for historical and logistical reasons), although it is not a surgical discipline. Other medical specialties may employ surgical procedures, such as [[ophthalmology]] and [[dermatology]], but are not considered surgical sub-specialties per se.

Surgical training in the U.S. requires a minimum of five years of residency after medical school. Sub-specialties of surgery often require seven or more years. In addition, fellowships can last an additional one to three years. Because post-residency fellowships can be competitive, many trainees devote two additional years to research. Thus in some cases surgical training will not finish until more than a decade after medical school. Furthermore, surgical training can be very difficult and time-consuming.

Surgical subspecialties include those a physician may specialize in after undergoing general surgery residency training as well as several surgical fields with separate residency training. Surgical subspecialties that one may pursue following general surgery residency training: ''<ref>{{cite web |title=What are the surgical specialties? |url=https://www.facs.org/education/resources/medical-students/faq/specialties#:~:text=The%20American%20College%20of%20Surgeons,surgery%2C%20otorhinolaryngology%2C%20pediatric%20surgery%2C |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122184813/https://www.facs.org/education/resources/medical-students/faq/specialties#:~:text=The%20American%20College%20of%20Surgeons,surgery%2C%20otorhinolaryngology%2C%20pediatric%20surgery%2C |archive-date=22 January 2021 |access-date=18 January 2021 |website=American College of Surgeons |language=en}}</ref>''
* [[Bariatric surgery]]
* [[Cardiac surgery|Cardiovascular surgery]] – may also be pursued through a separate cardiovascular surgery residency track
* [[Colorectal surgery]]
* [[Endocrine surgery]]
* [[General surgery]]
* [[Hand surgery]]
* Hepatico-Pancreatico-Biliary Surgery
* [[Minimally-invasive surgery|Minimally invasive surgery]]
* [[Pediatric surgery]]
* [[Plastic surgery]] – may also be pursued through a separate plastic surgery residency track
* Surgical critical care
* [[Surgical oncology]]
* [[Organ transplantation|Transplant surgery]]
* [[Trauma surgery]]
* [[Vascular surgery]] – may also be pursued through a separate vascular surgery residency track

Other surgical specialties within medicine with their own individual residency training:
* [[Dermatology]]
* [[Neurosurgery]]
* [[Ophthalmology]]
* [[Oral and maxillofacial surgery]]
* [[Orthopedic surgery]]
* [[Otorhinolaryngology]]
* [[Podiatry|Podiatric surgery]] – do not undergo medical school training, but rather separate training in podiatry school
* [[Urology]]